AOH :: GAS-CRI4.TXT
Gasoline Crisis Answer : A Book of Fact and a Plan of Action - Part 4 On the Shelf.
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GASOLINE CRISIS ANSWER
A BOOK OF FACT AND A PLAN OF ACTION
Part 4: On the Shelf.
Let us look together at two shelves - - - that is , two
places where a good invention or a good ides could be
set aside not made available to the public.
SHELF NUMBER ONE
Evidence points to the fact that the turbine engine
was placed on the shelf. it is a worthy, gas saving
automobile engine which has been set aside by a
combination of automotive, governmental and oil
industry officials.
MORE EVIDENCE
Are auto manufactures, governmental officials and
oil industry leaders, all three, really "cozy"
companions ? Do they indeed work together to
promote their combined interests ? Are they many or
are they few ? Are they the "chief Liberians" who
keep gas saving inventions and alternate fuels on the
shelf ?
QUOTES
The quotations and articles referred to in this chapter
are not listed because the represent thinking or
because they represent conservative thinking. Rather,
they are listed as examples . . . showing a sample of
what has been written over a long period of time and
from a variety of publications . . . . .all readily
available in most libraries.
YOU BE THE JUDGE
A. Oil imports began to increase in the 1950's.
A
few elected officials who were representing
their people back home began it investigate
these rising imports.
"It was revealed, for instance, that U.S. -
owned Aramceo, exploiter of the fabulously
rich Saudi Arabian Fields, pays no taxes to
United States ."
These few Senators were concerned
because here at home vast shale-oil deposits
that should be developed. As late as the
mid-1940's, some shale-oil/coal-
hydrogenization plants were in operation
and producing oil at competitive prices with
petroleum oil.
What happened ?
"Immediately upon coming into office as
Secretary of the Interior, Douglas Mckay
leased the(Missouri) plant . . . . ... and not for
coal hydrogenization."
"The oil lobby found the government's oil-
shale research project in the cliffs of the]
Navy's reserve near Rifle, Colorado, harder
to strangle."
Here, also, gasoline from shale was being produced at
a price competitive with petroleum refined gasoline.
"Mr. McKay, a master in the practice of
commissioning the coyotes to look after the
sheep, asked a committee from the oil
industry to advise him what to do with the
Rifle enterprise; not unexpectedly, the
committee recommended that it be
closed down. Mr. McKay wholeheartedly
agreed."
And further:
"The largest oil companies in the United
States are among those which long ago
acquired blocks of the richest oil-shale
country in Western Colorado ........"
The U.S. Government owns the rest.
Each of the above are from:
The Nation, Mat 18, 1957, pages 437-439
B. "One radical solution to Detroit's troubles
has come from an auto maker, George Romney
of American Motors Corp."
"It is his view that today's concentration of
power in Detroit is both inefficient and
expensive. On one hand, it is preventing
news firm from up costs - - -because of the
contracts made between big management
and big labor. He proposes a split-up of the
giant firms now in the business as well as a
spit-up of the United Auto Workers."
Business Week, February 22, 1958, page 172.
Is this the same George Romney that later held a high
government position ? See page 90 for answer
C. 1959:Detroit
The head of Ford Motor Company is one
Robert S. McNamara. He has been with the
firm since 1946.
Later :Washington D.C.
John. F. Kennedy is elected President of the
United States.
"R.Sargent Shriver, Jr., Kennedy's brother
in-law talent scout flew to Detroit to sound
McNamara out for the post of Treasury
Secretary. but McNamarar was more
interested in the Defense Dept. - - -
presumably because of the Pentagon's
non-political character and vast managerial
challenge."
"Ford Stock Sale - -To comply with the con-
flict of-interest laws, McNamara sold his
Ford stock (for $1.1-million after taxes),
placed the proceeds in a trust fund. He
surrendered Ford stock option rights, but
over the next six years will receive $618,750
in bonuses for past service."
Business Week, February 11, 1961, page 102.
The interested reader should go to the public library
and list the Cabinet appointments and other high
government position in the Kennedy Administration,
then research these individuals' backgrounds . . . . .
.one may be surprised it find how many were involved
in the auto or oil industry.
What about the Johnson Administration /
D. "The oil industry has blocked public research
and development for decades, against the day
when it hopes to take this enormous resource
entirely out of public control. The industry's
friends in Congress are right mow seeking
legislation to force the government to lease
the public reserve, and to revive private
claims that were canceled thiryt-five years
ago because claimants failed to follow them
up as the law requires."
The Nation, March 15, 1965, page 275.
"Of the three Cabinet appointments Mr.
Johnson has made since his re-election,
two have been to the econimc powerhouse
Treasury and Commence, (The other was
Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach.)
Henry "Joe" Fowler was an automobile
industry lobbist working the offices on
Capitol Hill until the very evening before
his selection as Secretary of the Treasury.
John Connor was a director of General
Motors as well as president of Merck &
Co., the chemical manufacturer, before
becoming Secretary of Commerce."
Commonweal, June 18, 1965, page 398.
"How a strange alliance of giant oil
Companies and Conservational has managed
to keep an incalculable national treasure
buried in Colorado hills." "Oil Shale:
Hidden Scandal or Inflated Myth?" Harper's
August 1968, pages 61 - 65.
"The shale-oil controversy has been
enlivened by allegations of Teapot Dome-
like scandals, gigantic giveways, and even
attempted murder. But unquestionably
the major barrier to shale development has
been the oil industry's historic opposition."
.........."It has more or less dictated the federal
government's do-nothing shale policy."
.........."The late Estes Kefauver put it even
more bluntly in an angry speech on the
Senate floor: `It is difficult to conceive of a
more clear-cut case of oil-company
domination of the policy of the United States
government',"..........
What about the Nixon Administration ?
E. "Nixon Builds A Cabinet"
Business Week, December 14, 1968
page 34.
The new Secretary of Interior is Walter
J. Hickel. He has been the :
"Chairman of Anchorage Natural Gas Co.
and a director of Alaska pipeline Co,"
The new Secretary of Housing & Urban
Development is George Romney. Is this
the same individual who was head of
American Motor Corporation ?
Yes, the same.
Yes, those who were the heads of auto companies
and oil/gas companies are now in key government
positions.
What about Ford Administration ?
President Ford kept several of the Nixon appointees,
then added as Vice President, Mr. Nelson A.
Rockefeller. It would take a large shelf in any library
to list all of the financial interests the Rockefeller
family has in the domestic and foreign oil industry
alone. Do you suppose the Vice President is going to
cut his own throat financially when it comes to oil or
oil related legislation ?
F. "Cronies Chart Energy Course"
Jack Anderson with Les Whitten,
June 18, 1976, United Feature Syndicate
"In the grand Washington manner, the
development of energy for the future
is being shaped largely by friendship
and favoritism."
This report shows evidence that the head of
the government's Energy Research and
Development Administration(ERDA) is a
close and personal friend of many years
standing with the voce president of the
company named TRW, Inc.
"TRW has picked up nearly $24 million in
noncompetitive contracts from ERDA. Two
of the contracts weren't even solicited but
were thrust upon the company, a procedure
that is unusual if not on known in the history
of
dispensing federal funds."
Did President Jimmy Carter usher in a change ?
G. "Alcohol Could Fill Fuel Needs"
Jack Anderson and Les Whitten,
August 9,1977, United Feature Syndicated
As already noted in section
on Alternate Fuels. There is
evidence that alcohol can be
used as a fuel for automobiles.
It was done as far back as the
1930's by Chrysler Motors.
"Yet the Carter administration, despite the
high stakes involved, has failed to pay much
attention to the alcohol fuels. The 103 - page
National Energy Program devotes only a
single sentence to the alcohol potential."
"The powerful oil industry, of course,
opposes developing rival alcohol fuels.
This not only would threaten oil profits
but would break the industry's monopoly."
"Big Oil Fights Use of Alcohol"
Jack Anderson, September 18, 1977.
United Feature Syndicate
"Investigators for Rep. Ben Rosenthal
(D-N.Y.) have found a heavy concentration
of executives from the energy industry
holding down policy making positions at
the Federal Energy Administration and
Energy Research and Development
Administration."
"Is Jimmy Carter on the Level ?"
Tom Braden (10-77) writes in his newspaper
column about President Carter's "attack" on
the oil companies.
Patrick J. Buchanan writes in his nationwide
newspaper column (October 23, 1977):
"The President's energy program is in the
`shamble' of Sen. Ribicoff's description
because it isn't an energy program at al. It is
vast tax program to generate tens of billions
in revenues without reducing the nation's
dependence on foreign oil."
And" this from a President who campaigned
on the promise: `I would never increase taxes
for the working people of our country and the
lower and middle-income groups................
and you can depend on that if I am elected'."
Probably the most convincing evidence is recalled
when you research the background of Mr. Carter's
Cabinet and high government appointments. Many
are in some way connected with the oil or auto
industry.
Cyrus Vance, for example, was chairman of
the Board of Trustees for the Rockefeller
Foundation.
See James McCartney, Knight Newswire.
National Security Advisor, Zbigniew
Brzezinski has this background:
"Nelson A. Rockefeller became the
powerful patron of Kissinger in the so-
called Eastern establishment and in the
Republican political arena. His brother
, David Rockefeller, chairman of Chase
Manhattan Bank, became a Brezezinski
patron and co-promoter with Brzezinski
of the Trilateral Commission..................
The Commission recruited Carter, then
governor of Georgia, among its members
launching the Brzezinski-Carter link that has
produced abundant dividends."
Washington Post, December 17, 1976, by
Murray Marder.
* * * *
Evidence clearly and specifically indicates that in
every recent Presidential Administration, whether
Democratic or Republican, several key Cabinet
appointments are filled with individuals who have
large and powerful interests in the automobile and oil
industry.
EVIDENCE DEMANDS A VERDICT
You research these and hundreds of reports in
detail.
You be the judge.
It is not our purpose to influence the reader with our
own conclusions an research findings. Rather, our
objective is to share with our fellow citizen the tools
of investigative research. You, then, can study these
articles and report in their entirety -- - - you then can
form your own opinions (not from hearsay, but from
the written record.) You can make your own
judgements. You can formulate your own convictions
and conclusions.
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF INVENTIONS ON THE
SHELF
We have already shown evidence that our shale-oil
reserve are "on the shelf". One can find ample proof
positive of this by consulting the Reader's Guide to
Periodical Literature in the public library. The article
and reports are listed by month and year in
alphabetical order. Simply turn to :
Oil-Shale
and there you will find published record already listed.
Several of these reports were already listed in this
book. More will be noted at the end of this chapter.
A. In 1929 during an "energy crisis", President
Hoover said there will be no more drilling on
government lands; that there would be
"conservation of oil in this administration".
Because of this decree, there was a fear of an
energy crisis. The oil companies and auto
manufactures were brought together to
examine ways of conserving resources.
Each of the leading auto manufactures
offered
the answers the ENERGY SAVING
EQUIPMENT ENGINES AND CARS were
ALREADY CONCEIVED...............when and
if there is no more gasoline and oil for fuel,
still:
........"there'll be more cars running on the
highways, after the last oil well has run dry,
than there are now."
"300 Miles to the Gallon!"
by William G. Shepherd, Collier's
October 5, 1929, pages 10-11+
B. As with the turbine car, the auto industry has
simply placed the free-piston engine on the
shelf. The greatest drawback of the gas
saving
free piston engine is not mechanical or
technological, rather its first drawback is :
....."the great US auto industry has hundreds
of millions of dollars invested in engine
plants and would be hesitant about scrapping
them to build a revolutionary new engine, no
matter how good."
Popular Mechanics, September 1950,
pages 348 - 350.
General Motors Corporation has put gas saving
inventions on the shelf.
C. General Motors Corporation has some 19
patents on the gas saving gaseous carburetion
system alone.
United States Patent Office Abstracts.
G.M. has a Cadillac engine that gets almost
30 miles per gallon of gasoline in a full size
sedan. see ............................
"New Engine Cuts Gas Bill", Popular
Science,
July 1951, page 100, with photos.
General Motors has an automobile engine
that runs on alcohol. see........................
"Engine to Dream About", Popular Science
November 1951, page 193.
G.M. has developed the hybrid-electric car,
an all electric commuter car and a gas type
commuter car which gets 70 miles per gallon
of gasoline. See Mechanix Illustrated,
October 1969, Cover photo and lead article.
General Motors has the Hot-Air-Engine,
(a multi-fuel motor) that is highly efficient.
"Gm has built more than 25 of the engines
ranging from 3-hp single-cylinder models to
400 hp, 4-cyl.power plants. After 22,000
hours of operation time GM thinks there is a
market now for compact 4 cyl,in-line engine"
Mechanix illustrated, October 1971, page 71.
Ford Motor Company has gas saving engines
already developed.
D. "Ford's Ideal Motor : The opposed Piston
Engine".
This is a multi-fuel enigne, highly efficient,
doesn't require gasoline . .. .. an engine
some-what similar in design as the Bourke.
Newsweek, December 13, 1943, page 69.
"Ford, for instance, has a development
contract with Texaco, Inc., on a clean-
exhaust engine that is suppose to double gas
mileage, and pur along equally well on diesel
oil , furnace fuel, kerosene or high octane
gas."
Business Week, January 6, 1962, page 37.
"We could make a good passenger-car gas
turbine, too...........'such an engine might run
400,000 miles'."
Reader's Digest, May 1962, page 112.
Yardney Electric development an electric car.
Then "Ford came into the ballgame publicly
with a $4 million tie-in with Yardney last
year."
Motor Trend, April 1968, page 66.
Actually, this is not an unusual happening. a smaller ,
independent company develops an energy saving
device. Then a big auto manufacturer merges with or
buys-out the smaller enterprise. The outcome is : the
gas saving invention is not heard of again.
For example, have you heard of the non-polluting,
quiet, multi-fueled Stirling-Cycle engine (used in
space satellites )?
"When the Ford Motor Company signs an]
Agreement for the rights to build a Stirling
engine, you must suspect that its intended use
is in automobiles. And last July, Ford did
come to such an agreement with Phillips
Gloeilampenfabriek N.V. of Eindhoven, in
the Netherlands, where the Stirling engine
has been under continuos development since
1938."
Popular Science, February 1973, page 72-75.
The Stirling engine has been used in space
satellites (popular Science, July 1965),
General Motors Stirling-electric Opel car
(Popular Science, December 1968) and on
Phillip's Stirling-driven DAF bus (Popular
Science, June 1971).
E. Chrylser Corporation has similar inventions
already developed but not in use. The turbine
cars of the 1950's and 1960's are examples.
An especially informative report on this
subject is entitled :
"Here Come The `Judge'"
Motor Trend, January 1969.
if the reader has any doubts what so ever that
the turbine car is fully developed, then this
report is must reading.
F. "And General Electric has been in the
electric car research business since 1956.......
Electrovair II... did 0 - 60 in 16 seconds and
could reach 80 mph but had a range of only
about 50 miles."
Motor Trend, April 1968, page 66.
G. Oil Companies have gas saving auto engines.
"Auto Engines That Burn Almost Anything "
Reader's Digest, May 1962, pages 109- 111.
"today's high-compression engine, with its
voracious appetite for ever more gasoline,
may soon be replaced by one of several new
engines designed to get more miles per gallon
from much cheaper fuels."
"The engine in the car was designed by
Texaco. `It will burn almost any fuel,' Davis
explained. `We have driven it 40,000 miles
with gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and
kerosene. We've averaged 24 miles to the
gallon, (in a Plymouth) and we've got a new
engine in the laboratory which should do 34,
according to our tests'."
NOTE: Back on page 54, we asked the question :
"What happened to the revolutionary auto
engine developed by Mr. Barber ?"
Now 12 - 15 years later it shows up, still in
Texaco laboratories !
Way back in 1950, this engine was claimed to
offer :
Thirty percent increased mileage --
No engine knocking--
Reduced refining costs--
No new problems in auto design--
Large extension of world's
supply of crude oil.
CONCLUSION
The documented facts show that gas saving
equipment, engines and cars already exist.
Evidence demands a verdict.
If your conclusion is the same as ours; won't you
help us become the largest, most effective lobby-voice
in U.S. history ? And really, our lobby is the most
wholesome and ethical kind of lobby that we know
about.
* It is not a bride lobby
* It is not a big money lobby
* It is not a "paid vacation" lobby.
* It is not a liquor lobby.
It is simply a concerned you and me citizen lobby.
Say, isn't that the way it should be anyway ?!
* * * * ** * * * * * * *
Following this list (of miscellaneous reports of
interest) we will look at the SECOND SHELF.
HODGE PODGE WITH A MESSAGE
This list of articles and reports will give the
interested researcher more insight and background
into the subjects and events already in this book.
May 15, 1920
Literary Digest, pages 99 - 101
Wanted more efficiency in gasoline
engines.
August 5, 1922
Literary Digest , page 27
Substitutes for gasoline .
March 17, 1923
Literary Digest, pages 13 - 14
Vision of dollar gasoline.
June 1923
Scientific American, page 381
Stretching the gasoline supply.
November 1924
Scientific American , page 350
Oil shale in America: Vast
deposits to be used in one day.
December 13, 1924
Literary Digest, pages 62 - 64
Is the price of gasoline getting
ready to soar ?
January 31, 1925
Literary Digest , pages 52 - 55
Wanted: Something to replace
vanishing gasoline.
February 18, 1925
New Republic, pages 324 - 325
Gas $0.50?
March 7, 1925
Saturday Evening Post,
Gas, the new goose, page 34
July 24, 1926
Literary Digest , page 23
New German motor fuels.
September 1926
Scientific American.
pages 180 - 181
Uncle Sam - - - spend thrift.
December 8, 1926
Nation, pages 586-587
Gaseless America.
March 1927
Review of Review's
Out of gas ? pages 265 - 268
May 4, 1929
Literary Digest , pages 77 - 83
American capital motorizing
Europe-- also on pages 19-20
G.M. buys Opel.
December 28, 1929
Literary Digest, page 27
Biggest business in the world.
December 17, 1930
Business Week, page 12
At $0.04 a gallon, Soviets sell
us first cargo of gasoline.
December 26, 1931
Saturday Evening Post,
Gasoline racket. page 22
Gas Taxes
LITERARY DIGEST
June 15, 1929
February 20, 1932
BUSINESS WEEK
March 5, 1930
April 15, 1931
November 11, 1931
February 10, 1932
July 7, 1934
Business Week , pages 10 - 11
One big union.
August 11, 1934
Newsweek, page 28
Motor paid 1/8 of nations
taxes.
January 19, 1934
Business Week, page 6
Gas tax OK - Supreme Court
decision
1932---1935
Gas taxes, gas bootleggers
and gas marketing.
September 1937
Popular Mechanics
pages 410 - 413
Queer facts about gasoline.
December 25, 1937
Business Week, page 20
Carburetor monopoly.
January 29, 1938
Business week, page 16
U.S. plans more oil
prosecutions, also see
Senior Scholastic, February
12, 1938, page 15(s)
December 1938
Nation's Business, page 55
Billions for gas taxes.
September 1939
Consumers Digest,
pages 33 - 36
If auto dealers told all.
November 1939
Nation's Business
pages 18-20
American Free Enterprise
built the motor car (also see
October 1940).
December 1939
Scientific American
All for one - - - one for all:
research in motor industry.
WAR TIMES
September 28, 1940
Business Week, Auto's in
Aviation - - Ford and Packard
brake ground for engine plants.
1941
Autos into guns: There are
many such articles.
1942
U.S. Auto plants are cleared
for war: There are many articles
of this type, also
We list these to show that in a time of emergency, the
auto industry can quickly change over to mass-
producing another item. (guns, tanks, trucks, planes,
etc....)
When it comes to GAS SAVING CARS, the answer
from the auto industry is ..... "It takes anywhere from
10 - 20 years, maybe longer to change over to a new
engine".
CONSERVATION
September 6, 1941
Nation...Great oil mystery.
September 8, 1941
Newsweek...Gas Shortage.
September 15, 1941
Time . . ..Oil or no oil.
September 22, 1941
Time...Shell game.
September 29, 1941
New Republic...... Is there
an oil shortage ?
See Volume 13, page 71, in the Reader's Guide to
Periodical Literature for a listing of many such
articles.. Also look under:
GAS - Rationing
November 1943
Reader's Digest, pages 105-107
Good bye to the gas buggy.
April 1 , 1944
Science News Letter, page 216
New idea in internal combustion.
September 2,1944
Business Week, pages 19-20
Small car vie.
March 1946
Science Digest
Rear engine car in 1947 ?
April 1946
Popular Mechanics, page 123
Aluminum car with tiny engine.
May 13, 1946
Life, pages 45-47
Fiberglass car.
August 3, 1946
Saturday Review Lit.
Liquid + water = gasoline.
August 1947
Science Illustrated, pages 78-80
There'll always be plenty of motor
fuel.
******* The above article is a well done
professional report.
March 27, 1948
Science News Letter, page 205
Efficient engine needed.
May 1948
Fortune, pages 110 - 115 +
Synthetics: The great oil
reserve.
*******Another informative report.
November 29, 1948
Time, page 88
Under the counter.
January 9, 1950
Newsweek, page 52
Big Three bigger.
In the Reader's Guide one may also look under these
headings for interesting reports: Chrysler Corporation,
Ford , General Motors, American Motors, etc.
March 18, 1950
Science News Letter, page 169
Crude oil, gas reserve for
any years to come.
June 1952
American Political Science
pages 455 - 469
federal regulations of the use
of Natural Gas.
August 1952
Cornet, pages 40 - 44
American motorist is No. 1
Tax-sucker.
April 30, 1954
Commonweal, page 85
Decline of the independents
(also see December 1954,
Fortune and Others).
May 19, 1954
Senior Scholastic, page 10
Auto monopoly.
October 2, 1954
Science News Letter, page 212
U.S. Oil shale deposits---
beat world oil reserves.
April 16, 1955
Saturday Evening Post,
pages 32-33, David and
Goliaths in Autoland.
January 21, 1956
Business Week, page 180
How to split
March 5, 1956
New Republic, page 11
How much is a Senator worth ?
April 1956
Atlantic, page 4+
Lobbying for the gas bill.
Volume 20. page 976, of Reader's Guide to Periodical
Literature lists some 55 articles on Gas Regulations. . .
December 3, 1956
Time, page 33
Gasoline conservation---
Wave of fear.
February 2, 1957
Business Week
Auto industry crosses its ranks.
April 26, 1957
U.S. News, page 108
Gas tax revolt at the grass roots.
May 18, 1957
The Nation. page 437
Shale-oil shell game.
June 10, 1957
Newsweek
Autos; war of giants.
August 7, 1958
Reporter, pages 27 - 30
Reuther's undefeated Union vs.
An unprecedented alliance.
October 1 , 1958
Vital Speeches, page 762
Our common stake: Petroleum
and automobile industries.
October 28, 1959
Look, page 78 - 79
Fate of our economy rides with
the 1959 cars.
July 13, 1959
New Republic, page 6
Investment or exploitation
General Motors--Holden's Ltd.
--Austrailia.
September 7, 1959
Newsweek, page 34
Gas tax: piling it on , double in
a decade.
January 1961
Science Digest, pages 6 - 8
Auto engine of 1975.
September 19, 1954
Business Week , page 96
Mexican Government has mono-
poly on gasoline.
June 18, 1965
Commonweal, page 398
Excising the poor.
June 11, 1966
Business Week, pages 74-76
Auto labor goes multi-national.
February 25, 1967
Business Week
Oilmen get the word on
pricing gasoline.
INSERT
There is no evidence to support the claim that every
congressman is "joined-up" with a big special interest
group.
There is, on the other hand , evidence to support the
claim that certain key congressman and Cabinet
appointments, even under-secretaries and
departmental administrators are in fact
"representatives" of a special interest group. Two of
the most influential special interest groups are the oil
and auto industries.
This is politics. This is "the way it is".
This is true regardless of which party is in
office.
As long as the public is silent---why change ?
The car drivers of America believe it is time to
change. A large and clear lobby is necessary to voice
our convictions.
Do you believe alternate fuels and cars should be
made available to the public as a means of true
conversation ?
Are you against higher federal taxes. . . just for taxes
sake ?
If you answers are yes, the please read the next
chapter. . . THE SECOND SHELF.
RESEARCH TOOLS
Most large city libraries really have many sources of
information available to the public. The workers there
are quite helpful in explaining their services.
Books, magazines(back to the 1800's), old
newspapers, government documents and speeches,
U.S. patent information, specific reports and more can
be located in the library.
One will find volumes of helpful information in the :
Reader's Guide To Periodical Literature
These are large-size volume--each listing
magazines and vital speeches---annotated
and in alphabetical order.
The Engineering Index
A Volume for each year.
Index of Patents: Issued from the
United States Patent Office
The Patent Gazette
These resources and others are the basic tools
needed for the exciting adventure of investigative
research. The second shelf...
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