Subject: MEASUREMENT & ANALYSIS OF JOSEPH NEWMAN'S ENERGY GENERATOR

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  _________________________________________________________
  Note: The views expressed herein may or may not represent
  the  position  of Joseph  Newman  and,  as  informational
  material,  are  provided  here from  submissions by other
  individuals interested in the technology.
  _________________________________________________________


  MEASUREMENT & ANALYSIS OF JOSEPH NEWMAN'S ENERGY GENERATOR

                            by

                  Dr. Roger Hastings, Ph.D.


    Abstract.

    The author has made numerous measurements  on the Energy
    Machines   developed   by  Joseph  Newman  of  Lucedale,
    Mississippi. The machines are large, air core, permanent
    magnet   motors.   The   most   important   design  rule
    specified  by the inventor is that the length of wire in
    the motor coil be very long; preferably long  enough  so
    that the switching  time  between  current  reversals is
    shorter than the  time  required  for propagation of the
    current  wavefront  through  the coil.   Various  models
    contain  up  to 55 miles  of wire, with  air  core  coil
    inductances  of  up  to  20,000  Henries.  The permanent
    magnet armatures have very large magnetic moments.  Thus
    the motors exhibit  high torque with low current inputs.
    The motors generate large back current spikes consisting
    of pulsed rf in the 10-20 MHz  frequency  range.   These
    spikes  provide large  mechanical impulses to the rotor,
    energize fluorescent  tubes placed across the motor, and
    tend  to  charge  the  dry cell battery pack.  The total
    generated  energy  ----  consisting of mechanical  work,
    mechanical friction,  ohmic heating, and light  ----  is
    many times larger than the battery input energy.

    Newman's theories and machines will be described.

    Measurements indicating net energy gain from the devices
    will  be  presented.   A  phenomenological  mathematical
    description of the motor will also be presented.

    Finally,the author will present his personal impressions
    of Newman's work.


    Newman's Theory.

    Joseph Newman is an  inventor who lives and works at his
    home in  Lucedale, MS. He became interested in  electro-
    magnetic  energy  some  25  years  ago, and began a self
    study  program.    After searching  standard texts for a
    mechanical description of  electromagnetic interactions,
    he concluded that no such description  existed.   Newman
    decided   that  he   would  have  to  generate  his  own
    mechanical  theory  of  electromagnetism,  and  over the
    following  several  years  he  evolved  his   gyroscopic
    particle  theory.  This theory, or model states that all
    matter  and  energy  is  composed of a single elementary
    spinning  particle  which  always  moves at the speed of
    light.   The  gyroscopic particle  has  mass, and it can
    neither be created or destroyed. All energy conversions,
    in  this  theory,  involve  an  exchange  of  gyroscopic
    particles.   E = mc^2 is the expression of this concept,
    and  simply  represents  an  accounting  of   gyroscopic
    particles during an energy conversion.

    Electric  and  magnetic   fields  consist  of gyroscopic
    particles flowing at the speed of light along the  field
    lines.   When  an electric or magnetic field is created,
    the particles  initially  come  from the materials which
    energized the field.   For example,  when a  battery  is
    connected  to  a wire,  gyroscopic particles flow at the
    speed of light down the wire, and they tend to align the
    gyroscopic particle flow  fields of the electrons in the
    wire.  The  electric  gyroscopic  particle   flow  field
    extends  outside  the  wire creating the circumferential
    magnetic  field of the wire.  The energy in the magnetic
    field is Nmc^2,  where  N  is the number of particles in
    the field, and m is the mass of an individual  particle.
    This  energy,   or  these   particles,  came   from  the
    electrons of the copper.

    Thus, Newman  considers  the current flowing in the wire
    to be a catalyst  which energy to emanate from the atoms
    of the wire. He claims that he has developed a mechanism
    whereby  field  energy  can be  pumped out of the copper
    atoms in the wire, thereby  reducing  their mass without
    consuming  the  voltage  source  which  has supplied the
    catalytic  current  flow.   Since  the mass  is consumed
    totally, there  is no  pollution in  this process.   One
    gram  mass,  if  totally  consumed, could supply  enough
    energy to power  a home for  one thousand years.  Newman
    describes  his  theory and its applications in his book,
    THE ENERGY MACHINE OF JOSEPH NEWMAN [1].


    Description of Newman Motors.

    Newman's  motors  may  be described as two-pole,  single
    phase,  permanent magnet armature,  DC motors.  That is,
    the  armature  consists  of  a  single  permanent magnet
    which either  rotates  or reciprocates  within a  single
    coil of copper wire.  The coil is energized  with a bank
    of dry  cell,  carbon  zinc  batteries.  In the rotating
    models,  which  will be  emphasized  in this paper,  the
    battery voltage to the coil is reversed  each half cycle
    of  rotation by a mechanical commutator  attached to the
    shaft  of the rotating  armature.   Motor  operation  is
    sensitive to the angle at which the voltage is switched,
    and this is optimized experimentally.   On some  models,
    the commutator also interrupts the voltage several times
    per cycle, creating a pulsed input to the coil.

    The  coils  are  constructed with a very large number of
    turns of copper wire. In all models, the coil  inductive
    reactance  is  much  larger  than the coil resistance at
    operating speed.   However, the coil resistance is large
    enough so that even in the locked rotor condition,  very
    little  current  flows  through  the  coil.  The  motors
    typically draw less than  ten  milliampere so that small
    capacity  batteries  (e.g., 9 volt transistor batteries)
    can  be  used  in  series  for  the power supply.   Self
    resonant  frequencies   (frequency  at  which  the  coil
    inductive    reactance   equals  the   coil  distributed
    capacitive reactance) are typically on the order of  the
    armature   rotation  frequency.   The  permanent  magnet
    armature is very strong,  and TIGHT COUPLING TO THE COIL
    is emphasized in Newman's later models [emphasis added].
    His  early  models  used  up  to  700  pounds of ceramic
    magnets, while later models used smaller armatures  made
    with   powerful  neodymium-boron-iron    magnets.    The
    commutator  is  protected   by  fluorescent tubes placed
    across  the  motor.   Enough  tubes are placed in series
    so  that  the  battery   voltage   will  not  break them
    down.  When the coil is switched,  the tubes are  lit by
    the resulting high voltage, minimizing arcing across the
    commutator.

    Newman's  motors  exhibit  the  following  extraordinary
    characteristics:

    1) High  torque  is  realized  with  very  little  input
    current and very little input power.  The  battery input
    power  is  typically  several  times  smaller  than  the
    measured  frictional  power losses  occurring  when  the
    armature  rotates at its  operating speed.   His  motors
    are at  least  ten times more efficient than  commercial
    electric motors  (perform  the  same work with one tenth
    the input power.)

    2) The batteries last much longer than would be expected
    for the current input.  It has  been  demonstrated  that
    "dead" dry cell batteries will charge up while operating
    a Newman  Motor, and  subsequently  be  able to  deliver
    significant  power  to normal loads (e.g., lights).  The
    batteries  fail  by  internal  shorting  rather  than be
    depletion of their internal energy.

    3) Significant   rf   power  is  generated  by the motor
    (primarily in the ten to twenty megahertz range). The rf
    is a  high  voltage  relative  to ground, and will light
    fluorescent or neon tubes  placed between the motor  and
    ground in addition to lighting  the tubes  placed across
    the  motor  coil.   The rf  current  flows  through  the
    entire  system, and has been   measured calorimetrically
    to have  an rms value many times larger than the battery
    input current.


    EXPERIMENTAL DATA


    A  large  amount  of  data  has  been collected  by many
    individuals on the various Newman Motors. While Newman's
    most recent  prototypes are perhaps the most interesting
    because  of their  reduced volume,  I will  present data
    on his original  prototype  large machine which has been
    more extensively investigated. Measured motor parameters
    are listed below:


    COIL PARAMETERS:

      Weight ....................  9,000 pounds
      Copper Wire Length ........  55 miles
      Coil Inductance ...........  1,100 Henries
      Coil Resistance ...........  770 Ohms
      Coil Inside Diameter ......  4 feet
      Coil Height ...............  4 feet

    ROTOR PARAMETERS:

      Rotor Weight ..............  700 lbs. ceramic magnets
      Rotor Length ..............  4 feet
      Moment of Inertia .........  40 Kg-sq.m.
      Magnetic Moment ...........  100 Tesla-cu.in

    BATTERY PARAMETERS:

      Battery Type ..............  6 Volt Ray-O-Vac Lantern
      Total Series Voltage ......  590 Volts

    DYNAMIC PARAMETERS:

      Torque Constant ...........  15,400 oz. in./amp
      Drag Coefficient ..........  0.005 Watts/sq.rpm.
      Q at 200 rpm ..............  30
      Power Factor, 200 rpm .....  0.03

    The  torque  constant was measured at DC and agrees with
    calculations.  The  drag  coefficient  was  measured  by
    plotting the motor speed versus time after disconnecting
    the   batteries.    It  was  found  that  the  decay  is
    exponential with the drag torque  being  proportional to
    the angular speed.  With the motor operating at 200 rpm,
    the   following   measurements   and  calculations  were
    obtained:


    RESULTS:  200 RPM at 590 VOLTS

      Battery Input Current ............  10 milliampere
      Battery Input Power ..............  6 Watts
      Rotor Frictional Losses ..........  200 Watts
      RF Current (rms) .................  500 milliampere
      RF Ohmic Losses in Coil ..........  190 Watts
      Additional Loads .................  Fluorescent Tubes
                                          Incandescent Bulbs
                                          Fan (belt driven)

    The frictional  losses  are  computed  from the measured
    drag coefficient. The ohmic losses are computed from the
    coil resistance.   Without  considering  the  additional
    loads, it is seen that the output  energy of the machine
    exceeded the input by a factor of 65!

    Oscillograph  photos  show that the current  waveform is
    dominated by the very large spike  which occurs when the
    magnetic  field of the coil collapses.  The leading edge
    of  this  spike  is  shown  in Figure 1.  The  staircase
    current rise is typical of the  Newman Motors, with  the
    width of the stairs in  all  cases  being  approximately
    equal to the  length of the coil winding  divided by the
    speed of light.  Although  the  average  current  in the
    spike is  at DC,  the  actual current waveform under the
    stairs is pulsing at a frequency  of about 13 megahertz.
    The time average current in the waveform agrees with the
    calorimeter measurement of the rf current.


    C    !                        !
    U    !                        !
    R    !                        !
    R    !                        !
    E   0!_______        _____   0!____
    N    !       :      /         !    :
    T    !       :     /          !     :
         !       :    /           !      :
    I  -4!       :   /            !       :
    N    !       :  /             !          :
       -6!       : /              !             :
    A    !       :/               !              : _____
    M  -8!                        !
    P    !                        !
    S    !__i__i__i__i__i__i__    !__i__i__i__i__i__i__i__
           5 msec per division      1 msec per division

         !
         !
         !
         !
        0!____
         !    ____
         !        ____
         !            ____
         !                ____
         !
         !
         !
         !
         !
         !__i__i__i__i__i__i__i__
           0.1 msec per division


    The time average current in the waveform agrees with the

    Figure 1.  Reproduction of  oscillographs showing Newman
               Motor switching current spike.  Spike leading
               edge is shown with the magnified time base in
               second and third oscillograph.
               Rotor speed was 120 rpm.


    PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY

    A phenomenological theory of operation is suggested here,
    which involves the following sequence of events:

    1) The battery is switched across the  coil and a current
    wavefront (gyroscopic particles) propagates into the coil
    at a  speed  determined  by  the  coil's propagation time
    constant.

    2) Before the wavefront completes its journey through the
    coil,the battery voltage is switched open.  At this point
    the coil contains a charge equal to the current times the
    on-time.

    3) When the  switch  is opened, all of this charge leaves
    the  coil  in a  very short time,  creating  a very large
    current pulse in the coil.

    4) The magnetic  field  generated by  this  current pulse
    (gyroscopic  particle  flow)   propagates   out   to  the
    permanent  magnet  armature,  and  gives  it an impulsive
    torque.

    5) The  magnet  accelerates,  and the  resulting magnetic
    field disturbance of the permanent  magnet is  propagated
    back to the coil,  creating  a back-emf. However,  by the
    time this occurs, the switch is open so that the back emf
    does  not  impede  the  current  flowing  in  the battery
    circuit.

    These  notions  agree  qualitatively  with  the  measured
    waveforms.  After one-half cycle of rotation, a charge on
    the order of  0.01 Coulombs will be  contained within the
    coil.  From the oscillograph this is seen to be dumped in
    a few milliseconds,  creating  a current of several amps.
    This current  continues to flow for some ten milliseconds
    before decaying to zero.

    Newman's  Motor  can be described by the following set of
    equations:


    (1)       J + F() = K(sub t)I sin ()

    (2)       LI = RI = V() - K(sub i) sin ()

      where:
             J = Rotor Moment of Inertia
             F = Friction and Load Torque
      K(sub t) = Torque Constant
             I = Coil Current
             L = Coil Inductance
             V = Applied Voltage
      K(sub i) = Induction Constant
              = Rotation Angle

    The first equation is Newton's  second law applied to the
    rotating  magnet, the second is  the coil current circuit
    equation.   The  voltage is the value applied to the coil
    within  the   commutator.   If  the  first   equation  is
    multiplied by  and the second  equation is multiplied by
    I, and both equations are averaged over one cycle,the sum
    of the resulting equations gives:


    (3) <IV> = <F> + <I^2R> + (K(sub i) - K(sub t) <Isin )

    where the brackets indicate a time average over one cycle
    of rotation.

    The term on  the left is the  power input.  The first two
    terms on the right represent the mechanical  power output
    (combined frictional losses and load power),and the ohmic
    heating in the coil  windings.   The last term is zero if
    the torque constant is equal to the induction constant,as
    would be the case in a conventional  motor.  However,  as
    postulated  above,  if the induction  constant is smaller
    than  the  torque  constant,  the  last term supplies the
    negative power.

    To  view  this   another  way,   assume  that  the  input
    voltage,   through   the   commutator  action  varies  as
    V = V(sub o)sin ().   If  we  also assume that the rotor
    angular speed, ,  is nearly a constant, w, the following
    expression  applies for the motor efficiency:


               <wF>         K(sub t)w<Isin >       K(sub t)w
    (4)  E =  ______   =   __________________  =  ___________
               <IV>         V(sub o)<Isin >        V (sub o)

    The  following  two  equations  can now be solved for the
    presumed constant motor speed:

    (5)  LI + RI = (V(sub o) - K(sub i)w)sin(wt)


    (6)  <F(w)> = K(sub t)<I sin(wt)>


    The solution  depends  upon  the details of the mechanical
    load function, F(w). If, however, the torque constant  and
    voltage  are  both  very  large  (as they  are in Newman's
    Motor), then the angular speed is approximately [2]:

                        V(sub o)
              w apr.=  __________
                        K(sub i)

    and the expression for the efficiency becomes:

                        K(sub t)
              E apr.=  __________
                        K(sub i)

    If the torque and induction constants are equal, the motor
    is nearly one hundred percent  efficient.  If  the  torque
    constant exceeds  the induction  constant, the efficiency*
    exceeds 100%.

    [*Note: the PRODUCTION efficiency can exceed 100%
         the CONVERSION efficiency cannot exceed 100%]


    CONCLUSIONS:


    Joseph  Newman  has  demonstrated that  his  Theory  is  a
    useful tool by which  predictions  of circuit function can
    be made without mathematics.  For example, his  gyroscopic
    particles  interact  as  spinning  particles  (through the
    cross product  of their  spins),  and  this  qualitatively
    describes magnetic induction.

    In complicated electromagnetic systems, exact solutions to
    Maxwell's equations may  be  difficult  or  impossible  to
    obtain, while  a  phenomenological  mechanical picture can
    be   visualized  to  give qualitatively  correct  results.
    Mechanical models  of  electromagnetic  interactions  were
    considered  essential  by scientists  of the 19th century.
    Maxwell  originally  derived his famous equations by using
    a  mechanical  model  of  the  electromagnetic  field, and
    stated the following [3]:

    "The theory I propose may  therefore be called a theory of
    the  electromagnetic field  because  it has to do with the
    space in the  neighborhood  of the  electric  or  magnetic
    bodies, and it may be called a dynamical theory because it
    assumes that in that space  there is  MATTER IN MOTION, by
    which the  observed electromagnetic phenomena are produced
    ....  In speaking of the energy of the field, I wish to be
    understood literally: ALL ENERGY IS THE SAME AS MECHANICAL
    ENERGY.."  [Emphasis added.]

    Regarding Joseph Newman's Motor, I have no doubt about its
    performance or about the profound importance of its future
    applications.

    **AT THIS TIME IT APPEARS THAT THE FIRST APPLICATIONS WILL
    BE REPLACEMENTS FOR EXISTING ELECTRIC MOTORS.**
    [Editor: Emphasis added.]

    Regarding  a  rigorous  mathematical  description  of  the
    underlying phenomena,  it is clear that much effort,  both
    theoretical  and experimental, will be required to achieve
    this end.


    REFERENCES:


    [1]  THE ENERGY MACHINE OF JOSEPH NEWMAN, Joseph W. Newman
    author,  Evan  Soule', editor.  Joseph  Newman  Publishing
    Company, Rt 1, Bx 52, Lucedale, MS 39452
    [1st Edition published in 1984.]

    [2]  The  precise  condition  for this approximation to be
    valid is that the locked rotor torque be  much larger than
    the  applied  mechanical torque at speed multiplied by one
    plus  the  square of the ratio of inductive  reactance and
    resistance.  This  condition applied  to some of  Newman's
    Motors,  and in particular to the most recent small volume
    devices.  In the larger motors the voltage is applied with
    a  phase shift  chosen to optimize efficiency, and it  can
    be  shown that  Equation 8 still  applies in  the limit of
    large inductance.

    [3]  A  DYNAMICAL  THEORY  OF  THE  ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD.
    James Clerk Maxwell, T.F.Torrance, ed., Scottish Academic
    Press Ltd., Edinburgh (1982).
    [From Maxwell's Presentation to the Royal Society, 1864).


    The above  was  written  by Dr. Roger Hastings, Ph.D., in
    1987  for  a presentation before a National Conference of
    the International Tesla Society.

    ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

    Dr. Roger Hastings has a Ph.D. in  Physics, University of
    Minnesota, 1975;  MS  in  Physics, University  of Denver,
    1971; BS in Physics, University of Denver, 1969.

    Dr.  Hastings    was   a   Postdoctoral   Fellow  at  the
    University of Virginia, 1975-77 with research in  organic
    superconductors  and the physical properties of solutions
    of macroions  and viruses.   Currently, Dr. Hastings is a
    Principal Physicist with the  UNISYS  Corporation.   AS A
    CONSULTANT, DR. HASTINGS ALSO DESIGNS ELECTRIC MOTORS FOR
    OTHER CORPORATIONS.  [Emphasis added.]

    _________________________________________________________

    *The latest commutator design enables  higher voltages to
    be utilized. Note: The above article  was written several
    years ago.  The principles described  above are generally
    applicable   "across  the  breadth  of  the  technology."
    However,  considerable   improvements  to  the commutator
    design   have  been  made  in  the  recent  past.   These
    improvements   are  intended   to  actually   reduce  the
    intensity of the  sparking  by  distributing the physical
    connections over a wider area.  The reader should bear in
    mind that there are TWO totally  different design systems
    (but many  sub-configurations  within each basic design):
    there is one commutator design when the energy machine is
    intended  to  function  as  a  GENERATOR  and  a  totally
    different commutator design when the  energy  machine  is
    intended  to  function  as a  MOTOR.  The  latest  design
    improvements  to  the  commutator  system  apply  to  the
    machine  operating as a  MOTOR.  Subsequent torque can be
    utilized  for  mechanical  systems  or  can  be  used  in
    conjunction with a conventional generator.
    _________________________________________________________

    Evan Soule'
    josephnewman@earthlink.net

    Note:  Two  collections  of oscillograph  photographs are
    being posted to the  Newman Forum Archives and the Joseph
    Newman Website.

    I can  also  send these  collections in  gif. format (33K
    each) to anyone requesting them.