Newsgroups: alt.sci.physics.new-theories
From: eraotg@eds.ericsson.se
Subject: On gravitation, a new theory
Date: Fri Sep 24 06:09:12 1993

From:   ERA6::OTG          11-AUG-1993 13:42:17.06
To:     ERA5::ERAOTG
CC:     ALL
Subj:   On Gravity

ON GRAVITATION

by: O. Tedenstig
    Idungatan 37,
    19551 M{rsta, Sweden
    Date: 14/9-1993

    (Transmitted 24/9-1993)

ABSTRACT:
This paper describes the process of gravitation in terms of
an inflow process of matter into material bodies, with a
rate over time corresponding to Hubble's cosmical constant, H.
The source of this flux is the thermal radiation in space of
2.7 K, known as the background radiation of space.

SOME HISTORICAL FACT
Newton was one of these men who understood that celestial
objects were effected by an invisible force, the same force
which attracts earth-bounded objects to the surface of the
earth. With the aid of astronimical data for planets and stars,
he formulated the gravitational law of force between massed
objects. It is given by the relation :

                            2
                F= M1.M2.G/D

The formula asserts that the attracting force between two
objects is in direct proportion to the product of their masses
and in inverse proportion to the square of the relative
distance between them, multiplied by a cosmic constant, G ,
the gravity constant, determined by Newton himslef on an
empirical basis.

Commonly, we experience the force of gravity as a very strong
force by comparison with other force effects known in nature.
However, in fact, the force of gravity is the weakest force
of them all. If we, for instance, compute the force developed
on the same piece of matter, firstly in respect to the
gravitational force and then in respect to the electrostatic
force actuaded of the same distance, we will find a large
discrepance. With the purpose of elucicating this fact, we
may make a small calculation of the force relationship between
these two kind of forces. We take two electrons as our reference
masses. Using Coulomb's law of force we get :

            2                     2
           e           (1.602E-19)              -28  2
    Fe= --------  2 = --------------- 2 = 2.3x10   /D
        4.Pi.Eo.D     4.Pi.8.85E-12.D

where we are making use of the MKS system of units. From
Newton's law of gravity, we have :

           2                 2
         me.G     (9.106E-31) . 6.67E-11           -71
    Fg= ----2- = -----------2------------ = 5.53x10
           D               D

Hence the relation between these two forces is :

                  -28      -71      42
    Fe/Fg = 2.3x10 /5.53x10   = 4x10      approximatively

What is known, Newton himself never suggested any origin and
cause for the force of gravity. He accepted that this force
was of cosmical nature, an action-at-a-distance, activated by
some unknown physical mechanism inherent in the nature of
matter. In spite of all efforts since the days of Newton, this
deep secret of nature still remain unsolved.

A remarkable property of the G-force is that this force does
not seem to be activaded by any properties of matter unless
the matter content: as for example, chemical structure, heat,
mass density, electrical or magnetical charge, state of
aggregation (solid, liquid or gaseous states), content of
energy, state of motion, and so on. Only the matter content
together with the relative distance between bodies actuate
the gravity force.

But there have been speculations about other factors which
may superside these facts. For some years ago Roland von E”tv”s'
experiment of 1889 regarding the true equivalence between
"heavy" and "inertial" mass was repeated and there was reported
some small discrepancies. However, up to now, these results
have not been finally confirmed.

There exist also speculations that the gravitational force is
not constant according to time. For instance, Dirac's theory
of 1938 contains such a supposition, but no experiments have
confirmed it as yet.

In modern physics one tries to connect particle physics with
the existence of different kinds of forces existing in the
physical world, including the force of gravity. The idea is that
the gravity force is caused by intermediating particles,
gravitinos, in a similar way to that in which photons create
electromagnetical interacting forces. Not even these theories
have proven successful.

And at last, Einsteins' general theory of relativity, which
include the gravitation, described only as a curvature in the
space time, hence any active force at all. Perhaps this theory
describe gravitation in a more proper and exact mathematical
way than Newton's theory, but it does not in any way explain
gravity as a physical phenomenon.

THE NEW THEORY
Common background
One important reason why the riddle of gravity has not yet been
finnaly solved is perhaps that the gravity process is of a
very complex nature and where so many other things in fundamental
physics are involved in its final solution.

Our baisic idea is that the force emanates from a free thermal
or electromagnetic field in space, disturbing elementary
particles in "ordinary matter" by an inflow process. We
identify this field as the thermal background radiation at 2.7 K
and the rate of inflow equal to the Hubble constant, H, with

an approximate value of 3x10    s-1  . Also involved as a base
hypothesis is that light is made up of pure particles having
mass, meaning that all of Newton's fundamental laws work on
them. That means that light hitting the surface of a particle
will create impact forces as  well as even thermal energy on
them.

It will here be accentuated, that there is not the impact force
fron the free thermal field which directly causes the gravity
force. The base potiential which create the enormeous gravity
forces is actuated by the vacuum itself with a pseudu material
mass density of 1/Eo (see ref. 7 .....).

MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION
With the help of Stefan Boltzman's law, we begin by converting
this mechanical impact energy of the thermal field, colliding
with elementary particles in matter, to entities of mechanical
energy according to :

1) =================
               4
      dP/dA = T.S

===================

where S is Stefan Boltzman's constant, T is absolute temperature
in space, dA is the interaction area of the target, dP is the
thermal or mechanical effect developed on the target. If the
inflowing amount of matter from the cosmical field per unit
time is denoted by the symbol, dm , and the velocity by which
this matter interacts with an elementary particle is denoted
as , v , we can compute the mechanical energy generated by the
inflowing matter as :

2) =====================
                     2
    dp= 1/2.(dm/dt).v

========================
We suppose here that the interaction velocity of the inflow
is lower than the limit velocity of light, c , in this
case Newton's formula for kinetic energy is valid. The
common hydromechanical formula for a material inflow over
area, dA , as function of the flowing density, qf, velocity,
v , and time , t , is given by :

3) ==================

   dm = v.qf.dA.dt

=====================

We insert the result of 3) into 2) and obtain :

4) ====================
                   3
   dP/dA = 1/2.qf.v

=======================

We combine 4) with 1), obtaining :

5) ====================
          4
   qf= 2.T .S/v

=======================

Now we have an expression that provides relations between the
mass density, qf , of the thermal field, T , as a function of
the interacting velocity, v, and Stefan Boltzman's constant, S.

The next step is to find a process by which the inflow matter
from the thermal field reacts with elementary particles in
"solid matter". Mass in "normal solid matter" mainly consist of
protons and neutrons, the mass content of all electrons being
negligible in this context. It is therefore here natural to
state that the interacting velocity , v , is equal to, or nearly
equal to, the spinning velocity of a proton and that this inflow
matter will create disturbances in the spinning movement of these
fundamental particles, causing a slowing down effect on them.

Hence, each hit of a randomly inflowing electromagnetic
particle from the field ( a photon ) in the first step will
cause a disturbing effect on the form of a retardation of the
spinning movements and as a secondary effect, an absorbing of
matter into the particle as a consequence of change in balance
between particle and the surrounding vacuum space (space with
                   11    3
density 1/Eo = 1x10  kg/m , see ref.7  )

Further, this absorption of matter will create a corresponding
absence of matter around the body and this effect is pread in
the vicinity, disturbing another mass body situated at some
distance from it by a pushing effect.

Our hypothesis is that a mass quantity of , dmt , is absorbed
by a body of mass , m , during time , dt. During time , T ,
the absorbed mass constitutes the mass of the by itself, hence
the time where the body has doubled its own mass.

6) ===============

    dt/T = dmt/m

==================

We designate the relation 1/T by the symbol R, representing
that the frequency by which the mass body doubles its mass
content in the gravitational field. This gives :

7) ==================

     R = dma/(m.dt)

=====================

Out hypothesis now is that R corresponds to Hubble's cosmical
constant, H , having the same definition, namely the dimension
                     -1
of frequency 1/t or s . The retardation effect of spin movements
in matter in relation to the amount of the inflowing matter
from the thermal field and the mass content of the particle
itself, gives :

8) ======================

    dmt/mp = dv/v = H.dt

=========================

where we denote the rest mass of a proton by mp and the
retardation of velocity derivative as , dv . Using out inflow
mass formula (3), we put the absorbed mass dmt equal to :

9) ====================

   dmt= qf.Ap.v.dt

=======================

Combining (9) with (8) gieves :

10) ========================

    H.dt = qf.Ap.v.dt/mp

============================

which can be rewritten as :

11) ========================

     qf = H.mp/(Ap.v)

============================

Now we have found two expressions, (11,5) for the thermal
field mass density, denoted by , qf . We combinde these two
expressions and solve out the interesting velocity, v , out
from it :

12) ===========================
                 4
     v = SQRT(2.T .S.Ap/(H.mp)

===============================

The last step is to deduce Newton's gravitational law of
force. We make use of our hypothesis of the absorption effect
in matter. Our base hypothesis is, that matter is absorbed at
a rate , R , equivalent to the Hubble constant, according to
(7) above. We begin by computing the total inflow of matter
to a body with a total weight content of matter M1 and having
the total interacting area of  , A1. By our mass flowing
formula :

13) ==================

     dM1 = qx.A1.t.v

======================

which is in agreement with the inflow formula (7,8), giving :

14) =======================

    M1.H.t = qx.A1.t.v

===========================

From this result we can calculate the inflow density very near
the limiting area of M1, giving :

15) ==================

    qx = M1.H/(A1.v)

======================

However, this mass density will decline as a function of distance.
The inflowing mass will be spread over an inflowing area at
distance , D , equal to Ad = 4.Pi.D , giving the field mass
density at distance , D :

16) ============================

    qD = qx.A1/Ad = M1.H/(v.Ad)

=================================
                 2
where Ad = 4.Pi.D .
Another mass body M2 situated at the point , D , because of the
absorbed mass , M1, will be effected by a negative inflow since
M1 steals mass from M2. We compute this negative inflow to :

17) =======================================

    dM2 = qD.A2.t.v  ;    A2 = (M2/mp).Ap

===========================================

where A2 is the total interacting area of M2. We multiply
both sides by , v , giving :

18) ==========================
                     2
    dM2.v = qD.A2.t.v  = F.t

==============================
Using the results of (16,17) gives :

           2                  2                            2
F = qD.A2.v = M1.H/(v.Ad).A2.v  = M1.H/(v.Ad).(M2/mp)).Ap.v =

            2
    (M1.M2/D ).(H.Ap.v/(4.Pi.mp))       or


19) ===================================
                2
    F = (M1.M2/D ). (H.Ap.v/(4.Pi.mp)

=======================================

Comparing this result with Newton's gravitation law of force,
we can identify the expression within the parentheses as
Newton's gravity constant, G . Hence :

20) =========================

    G = (H.Ap.v/(4.Pi.mp))

=============================

The proton, being of torus form, having a radius of Rp  give
the proton interacting area equal to Ap = 2.Pi.Rp.2.Pi.Rp,
giving :

21) ==========================
              2   2
    Ap = 4.Pi .Rp

==============================

Our hypothesis is, that electrons and protons have the same
inherent mass density, giving the proton radius :

21) ==========================
                1/3
    Rp = (Mp/me)  .re

==============================

We make a summary of important formulae that have been
obtained, from which the gravity constant G , can be
calculated :

22) =============================
                   1/3
    Rp = re.(Mp/me)

             2   2
    Ap = 4.Pi .Rp

          2               1/2
    v =  T.(2.S.Ap/(H.mp))


    G = H.Ap.v/(4.Pi.mp)

=================================

where :
            -8
S= 5.6703x10                    Stefan Boltzman's constant
      o
T= 2.7 K                        Thermal background radiation
                                temperature
                    -15
re= 2.8179380(70)x10   m        Classic electron radius
                   -31
me= 9.109534/47)x10   kg        Electron rest mass
                     8
c= 2.99792458(1.2)x10  m/s      Limit velocity of matter

mp= 1836.15152(70) x me         Proton rest mass
                -11
G= 6.6720(41)x10                Newton's gravity constant
         -18
H= 3 x 10                       Hubble constant (approximative)

On inserting given parameters, the following table is
obtained :

INSERTED VALUES        CALCULATED VALUE OF G        -11
                       TO BE COMPARED WITH 6.6720x10

 o              -18 -1        -1  2 -2
T  Kelvin  Hx10    s   !   G kg  m s   in the MKS(A) unit system
-----------------------!------------------------------------------
                *      !         -11
2.7        3.0         !   5.0x10
                *      !          -11
2.7        5.26        !   6.67x10
                       !

* The exact value of the Hubble constant is not known. New
  indications point in the direction that H is larger than
  3E-18, see ref. 5) and 6).

THE COSMICAL DOPPLER RED SHIFT FROM DISTANT CELESTIAL OBJECTS.

The idea that the gravity process is founded on an inflowing
process in ordinary matter is here based on an interacting
process with mainly elementary particles of protons and neutrons.
It's is not clear that the process can be applied to all sorts
of matter, for instance light particles such as photons, but if
we suppose that the gravity process is the same for all kinds
of matter , some old classical problems of cosmology can be
solved in an attractive way. Such old problems are : the
red shift from distant celestial objects , Olber's paradox ; the
creation of new matter in a steady state universe.

The cosmological red shift from very distant celestial objects
can then be interpreted as s slowing down effect of light
travelling long distances (using the model of light as being a
wave of matter, not a wave in a light-beaing aether).
The wave-length of the travelling wave is constant but the
frequency varies in time with the slowing down effect on the light
velocity ; hence :

23) =======================

    f1 = w/c  ; f2 = w/c'

===========================

where c' = c-dc. This gives a small shift in frequency of light to

24) ==============================

    df = f1 - f2 = fo.(1 - c/c');

==================================

The original mass of the outflowing photon from the source has the
mass , m , and during the flight time , t , this mass has increased
by an entity , dm. The mass impulse is supposed to be constant
with time, giving :

25) ===========================================

    m.c = (m+dm).c' ; c'/c = m/(m+dm) = 1+dm/m

===============================================

Using our definiation of Hubble's constant, H=R, as in (7), this
gives :

26) =============================

    c'/c = dm/m = (dm/m)/t = 1+H.t

=================================

and according this with result of (24) :

27) ===========================

    df = - f0.H.t

===============================

which shows a frequency Doppler shif of long travelling light
from distant celestial objects as resulting from a slowing down
effect on light.

In the Hubble formula for cosmical red shift as a function of
distance ( time , t , is transformed to distance by d = c.t),
a shift in frequency of light, as hera calcualted, is replaced
with an equivalent shift in wavelength. But that makes no diffe-
rence in measurements made by spectrometers.

Stretching this idea we can see the process by which new matter
in the universe is continuosly created by an inflow process from
vacuum matter. During each period of about 10-15 billions of
years, the mass in a body (the earth for example) has doubled
its content ; during the following period the original mass
would have increased by four times its initial value ( a
logarithmic mathematical function ).

By the same process, long travelling light outburts from distant
stars and galaxies will decline in time, losing their inherent
energy. What remains is only a common electromagnetic noise which
                                                                o
we now observe as the common background thermal radiation of 2.7 K.

Hence, this is the common link of distant interaction between
celestial objects, resulting in the process of graviation as here
briefly described.

REFERENCES :

(1) A New Way to Physics, ISBN 91 97077534 1990, by O. Tedenstig
    Idungatan 37, 19551 M{rsta, Sweden

(2) Broberg, Henrik : Energy, Matter and Gravitation in an
    Unlimited, Renewable Universe, ESA Journal, V.6, pp.207-32,
    1982

(3) Rendle, A.B. ;: Gravitation and the Flowing Medium, Modal
    Research, Dorling Road, Gt. Bookham, Surrey, England

(4) Miller, Gary C. : Gravitation, APGR's Journal, 501 Copeland,
    P.O. Box 223, Pocahentas, AR 72445, USA

(5) New Scientist 4 January 1992, Astronomers double the age of
    Universe, John Gribbin

(6) New Scientist 18 July 1992, Hawk-eyed Hubble double age of
    Universe, Ken Crosswell, Berkley.

(7) A new model of interaction between matter and vacuum,
    Ove Tedenstig, Galilean Electrodynamics xxx/yyy 1993.


-- 
Ove Tedenstig, ERA, Borgarfjordsgatan 9, 16480 Kista/Sweden
EMAIL: ERAOTG@KIERA.ERICSSON.SE
-------------------------------