Electromagnetic Field Propulsion
                                       or
                          How to Build a Flying Saucer
                              December 31, 1987

          by Harold A. Lamkin
          GEnie mail box : HAL-LAMKIN


          BACKGROUND INFORMATION :
               With most subjects, one just start describing the
          subject. When one attempts to describe how to build a flying
          saucer, he first supplies enough background information to
          convince the public that he is not crazy. This situation is
          frustrating. Your idea does not appear even in the wildest
          proposals for spaceflight. Yet to have your idea evaluated
          by independent sources, you might acquire the reputation of
          a loony.

               A case in point is the infamous Dean Drive. The
          inventor used a drill motor and wheels for his device. The
          written description which I read testified that it produced
          a horizontal force on his kitchen floor. The impression I
          received from this report is that the machine vibrated
          across the floor. The inventor did choose where the machine
          operated. The inventor would not let anyone else work on his
          vaguely worded patent. I do not think he wanted the public
          to find out that it did not work. In any event a Dr. Dean
          was convinced the single event was real. He tried to invent
          new physics to explain the event. He obtained a very
          unfavorable reputation in the process.

               The engine described in this article is far different
          from the Dean Drive. No new physics is required. In fact,
          the physics is straight out of a physics text book. The
          basic unit is like a particle accelerator, not a drill
          motor. The basic principles are electromagnetic, not
          mechanical. Most important, I want others to work on and to
          test this engine even if I forfeit patent rights in the
          process.

               The common point for both systems is the subject
          matter. They attempt to turn energy into linear motion. No
          reaction mass (a rocket) is required. Any device in this
          category will raise critical eyebrows. I have nightmares
          that the "Lamkin Drive" will be held up as a point of
          ridicule. I made every attempt to make this article a



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          conservative, scholarly work. I hope the public will view it
          as a noteworthy first step.

               The basic idea occurred to me when attending a physics
          class on electrical theory. The professor was busy filling
          the blackboard with equations. The students were busy
          copying them down. The subject was on page 744 of the text
          ("Physics" volume 2 by Paul Tipler, Worth Publishers). Under
          some very specialized conditions one electron in motion can
          exert a force on another electron in motion without any
          force exerted on the first electron. The professor said that
          the whole system will move. I raised my hand to stop this
          mad flow of mathematics. I asked "You mean the system
          containing both electrons will move?" He verbally answered,
          "Well, yes." His facial expression contained surprise that I
          had interrupted the class with such a trivial question. My
          grade was only a "B," but I got far more out of that class
          than any other student. I found out how to build a flying
          saucer. In fact, I drew a saucer spaceship around the force
          diagram in the text.

               The physical situation is an unbalanced physical force
          which does not violate any physical law. The physics needed
          to describe this situation has been known for a hundred
          years. Momentum is conserved. The momentum in the line of
          motion is balanced by the momentum carried off by
          electromagnetic radiation in the opposite direction. Yet,
          this unbalanced physical force is the stuff that rocket type
          propulsion systems are made of. Electrical energy can cause
          physical motion even in the vacuum of space.

               This article includes enough general discussion to be
          of interest to the general reader. It also incudes enough
          mathematics to prove the point. The math uses calculus and
          vectors. If you are not mathematically inclined, just skip
          over the math notations. Even though my chosen field is not
          physics, I think the math is correct. I would like to hear
          from anyone who can advance, correct, or physically test
          this propulsion system.

          THE SUBJECT MATTER :
               The Subject matter is not whether or not flying saucers
          exist. The saucer shape is not forced onto a spacecraft. The
          source of electrical energy is not discussed. This article
          is how a propulsion system exerts a physical force. It is
          not even the design of a system which could lift itself off
          the ground.

          THE SYSTEM :
               One electron can exert a physical force on another
          electron without a reciprocal action in one very specialized


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          situation. The electrons' motion must be perpendicular with
          respect to each other. Consider the following diagram. The
          two arrows are the path of two electrons in motion. The "d"
          stands for differential. It can be considered as a small
          distance. The length of l2, that is its distance traveled,
          can be of any length. This is not the case for l1. The
          motion of electron 1 must be restricted to the infinitesimal
          distance where the perpendiculars would meet if l2 was
          extended downward.

                                   ^
                                  / \
                                   |       ->
                                   |     d l
                                   |        2


                         ->
                       d l        <--
                          1

                              Figure 1

              ( CENTER ARROWS ARE PERPENDICULAR ELECTRON PATHS )


          Consider two situations. Use the right hand rule (if you
          know it) to determine the magnetic lines of force of l1. For
          the second situation, do the same thing for l2. You may want
          to use "arrow notations" on two separate diagrams. Assume an
          arrow is shot in the direction of the line of force. If the
          line of force goes into the paper, the feathers will leave
          an "X." Mark an "X" for these lines. When an arrow comes out
          of the paper, the first thing you see is a point or "."

               Keep in mind that a force on one electron is only
          exerted when it crosses the lines of force created by
          another electron. Consider the lines of force created by l1
          as indicated below.

             X X X X X X X      ^            X X X X X X X
             X X X X X X X     / \           X X X X X X X
             X X X X X X X      |       ->   X X X X X X X
             X X X X X X X      |     d l    X X X X X X X
             X X X X X X X      |        2   X X X X X X X

                               Figure 2

                      LINES OF FORCE CREATED BY l1




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          Electron 2 definitely cuts through the lines of force
          created by electron 1. This force by electron 1 on electron
          2 is denoted by the symbol F12.

               Now consider the lines of force created by l2. They are
          in a circle around l1 as indicated. Keep in mind that l1 is
          very short.

             .   .   .   .                     X   X   X   X   X
             .   .   .   .                     X   X   X   X   X
             .   .   .   .       ->            X   X   X   X   X
             .   .   .   .     d l        <--  X   X   X   X   X
             .   .   .   .        1            X   X   X   X   X

                              Figure 3

                      LINES OF FORCE CREATED BY l2

             The electron 1 is inside the cylindrical lines of force
          created by l2. Electron 1 does not cross any lines of force
          because it is only at the zero point. The force by electron
          2 on electron 1 is zero or F21 = 0. The electrons are still
          in motion. As such, an electromagnetic pulse is generated.

               The force F12 is in the direction of l1, or to the
          left. The force F21 is zero. The energy which is not used in
          F21 is left to generate electromagnetic radiation. Note that
          the electron motion is not in a circuit. If the circuit is a
          completed circle, the forces would cancel out. An unequal
          force is only created with current segments such as those
          created by a particle accelerator.

          MATHEMATICAL PROOF :
               If you are not into math, just skip this section. The
          forces F12 and F21 can be calculated. The two basic physical
          equations are as follows :

          Equation #1
                                  ->          ->        ->
               MAGNETIC FORCE =  dF  =  I   d l    X    B


                                                   ->    ^
          Equation #2
                                 ->          ( I  dl  X  r )
               BIOT-SAVART    = dB   =  K    ----------------
                                         m      (  r  r  )

                        where K  = 0.0000001 Newtons per Amp squared
                               m



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          A Newton is the force required to accelerate one kilogram
          one meter per second squared. It is equal to .2248 lbs. By
          substitution the force of one current upon another is found.

          Equation #3
                                                ->    ^
                              ->         ( I1  dl  X  r )
               d F12  =  I2  dl   X    K  ---------------
                                        m     ( r  r )

               If it were not so hard to type equations which can be
          sent over a modem, I would step by step derive the values of
          F12 and F21. The main idea is just to know when the cross
          product is zero and when not. It just follows the above
          logic.  The results are :

          Equation #4.a
                                               ->
                         I1 I2 (0.0000001)   d l2          ->
               dF12  =   ----------------------------    d l1
                               ( r r)

          Equation #4.b

               dF21  =  0


          THE MACHINE :
               The trick is to devise a machine which uses the above
          principle. The force F12 is like one half cycle on a gas
          engine. The cycle must be repeated many times. What will
          such an engine look like?

               The lines of magnetic force generated by l1 are the
          necessary ones. The electron 2 must cross these lines.
          Visualize this situation. The lines of force of l1 are like
          cylinders around l1. Electron 2 can travel any radius away
          from l1. If any radius will do, why not use all radii. This
          means that the propulsion unit is a disk with l1 at the
          center. The first principle of designing the engine is that
          the unit is in the form of a disk.

               The next obvious observation is that electrons which do
          not complete a circuit can not constantly travel in one
          direction. Electrons would pile up in one spot. This leads
          to the question, "What happens when the currents in l1 and
          l2 are reversed simultaneously?" The answer is that another
          force is created which has the same direction as the first
          force because the direction of the lines of force are
          reversed. The second principle of design is that currents in



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          l1 and l2 are constantly reversing. This is the cycle of the
          engine.

               What kind of material will carry the currents l1 and
          l2? This is more of an engineering problem and no small one
          at that. If the concepts presented here are valid, I
          visualize crystalline structure which does not offer any
          resistance in the directions of l1 and l2. The new high
          temperature superconductive materials might have this
          quality. However, for experimental purposes a vacuum will
          do. The electrons can bounce back and forth in a sort of
          magnetic bottle.

          THE FORCE :
               Now that we have some idea of what the engine looks
          like and how it works, the next question is "How much force
          does it produce?"  I do not see any reason to have different
          current levels in l1 and l2. Because we want to know how
          much force per amp of current, let I1 and I2 each equal one
          amp in the last equation (equation #4.a) which determines
          the force F12. Additionally move dl1 to the left side of the
          equation. With the units of measure included in the
          equation, the results are :

          Equation #5
               dF12          ( 1 A A)   (0.0000001 N/(A A))      ->
          F =  -----     =   ------------------------------    d l2
               d l1                   r  r

          This equation only gives the force along one radius outward
          from l1. Use cylindrical coordinates to integrate the right
          side of the equation ( excuse the way the integration sign
          looks).

          Equation #6

                       /2||     /r   0.0000001          ->
               F  =   |        |    -----------   r   d l2  da
                     /o       /o       r  r


                         where a = the theta coordinate angle

          If r, the distance between electrons is constant, the result
          in Newtons per one Amp is :

          Equation #7
                     __
               F  = 2||  (0.0000001)




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          This is the equation for force for one pulse of current. In
          the actual engine the current is alternating. Because time
          is required to accelerate electrons, alternating current is
          less than the maximum direct current. The equation from the
          books state that

          Equation #8
               I            =  .5  I
                (average)           (maximum)

          therefore

          Equation #8
                                  __
               F    =  0.0000001  ||    =  0.00000031415927 Newtons

               This is probably a conservative reduction for the
          alternating nature of the current. The electrons would not
          have to stop at the end of l1. Slow speed electrons could
          travel beyond the length limit of l1. Then l1 would just
          contain the high speed electrons. Further, the acceleration
          of electrons would not have to have the same sin wave
          pattern of alternating current. Even so, we will consider
          the last equation as the force per amp per one half of a
          cycle.

               This is not a very large force. But we are not through
          with the basic operations of the engine. Two other aspects
          must be considered.

               The first is the number of cycles per second. If the
          number of cycles is 10 to the power of 7, then the force per
          amp is more respectable. This frequency is also in the high
          visible light range (actually a little higher). The curious
          side effect is the electromagnetic radiation produced. As
          previously stated, radiation carries away momentum on one
          side of the force diagram which makes the system move in the
          other direction. If the cycles are in the visible light
          range, then the engine will glow like a light bulb. This is
          not just a side effect. If it doesn't glow, it doesn't go.

               The second consideration is the quantity F = dF12/dl1.
          This is the force per small length of l1. This length is
          restricted to the area where there are no lines of force
          produced by l2. If the lines from l2 are contorted to leave
          a bigger gap, then the length of l1 could be increased.
          Force per cycle should increase. There is only one problem.
          I do not have any clear idea on how to do it. It does
          appears possible.




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               With these considerations it should be possible for 100
          amp currents to lift 70 lbs. This should be enough at least
          for some space based orbit keeping functions.

          SIMILARITIES TO OBSERVED FLING SAUCERS :
               Even if this article does not comment on flying
          saucers, I must note the similarities between the engine
          just described and the better flying saucer observations. I
          should also note that many observations do not correlate to
          the behavior of this engine.
          (1) Soil samples of some reported landing sites show traces
          of high radiation treatment. Reportedly a Dr. Zellar from
          the University of Kansas did the test (From the book In
          Search of Extraterrestrials by Alan Landsburg). Dr. Zellar
          did not believe in saucers. The described engine should have
          the same effect.
          (2) The reported saucers landings left deep depressions
          where the landing legs had rested. Reportedly saucers are
          heavy. The engine described in this article will most likely
          be heavy.
          (3) Electrical current in old, mechanical ignition system
          cars do not work around saucers. The engine in this article
          would probably disrupt nearby electrical equipment because
          of the strong alternating magnetic properties. In fact, it
          would probably zap a computer chip or destroy a modern auto
          ignition system with IC chips (I can't wait to see if
          someone destroys their car just to claim extra terrestrial
          contact).
          (4) People around the reported saucer do not have the
          ability to move. They are frozen just as if an electric
          current was applied to all areas of their body. The safety
          effects of the described engine should not be ignored. I
          will not build this engine in my basement even if I had the
          equipment to do so. I expect that the alternating magnet
          will disrupt the nervous system which also uses electrical
          charges between nerve cells. In extreme cases it could stop
          the heart.
          (5) Flying saucers are lens shaped. The optimal shape for
          the described engine is also lens shaped. The l1 direction
          is the short central thickness. The l2 direction is the
          radius. The more efficient engines will have a longer l1
          (thickness). Even with the longest l1 direction, the overall
          shape will be like a lens. The force is in the direction of
          l1. The flat, disk side faces Earth.
          (6) As saucer speed increases the light emitted is in the
          higher frequency spectra. The described engine increases its
          force as frequency increases.

          WHAT DO I WANT :
               If I could ignore the slings and arrows of reality, I
          would like two basic commodities -- fame and fortune. I


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          would like to be known as the inventor of the one practical
          space craft. I also like money. Because reality will not
          tolerate my greed, I must make much more modest request.
          Above all else I want this engine evaluated and promoted. I
          would like to see physical tests and working models.
          Everyone should feel free, and encouraged, to work on this
          model. I do request to be informed of the results.  I await
          your comments.













































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