MOUNT WEATHER

     In the best-selling 1962 spy thriller SEVEN DAYS IN MAY, the Joint Chiefs 
of Staff plot to overthrow the U.S. president. Their conspiracy centers on a
place called Mount Thunder, a secret subterranean command post where
government leaders would go in the event of a nuclear attack.

     On December 1, 1974, a TWA Boeing 727 jet crashed into a fog- shrouded 
mountain in northern Virginia and burned, killing all ninety-two persons 
aboard. Near the wreckage was a fenced government reserve identified as Mount
Weather.

     Mount Weather is a real place; eighty-five acres located forty-five miles 
west of Washington and 1,725 feet above sea level, near the town of Bluemont, 
Virginia. In the event of all- out war, an elite of civilian and military 
leaders are to be taken to Mount Weather's cavernous underground shelter to 
become the nucleus of a postwar American society. The government has a secret 
list of those persons it plans to save.

     The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) runs Mount Weather. When 
it has to talk about the place, which is rare, it calls it the "special
facility." Its more common name comes from a weather station that the U.S.
Department of Agriculture had maintained on the mountain.

     The authors of SEVEN DAYS IN MAY, Fletcher Knebel and Charles W. Bailey 
II, were Washington journalists who learned a lot about the then-quite-secret 
post. Few readers of Knebel and Bailey's fiction could have imagined how close 
to the truth it was. The novel gives detailed highway directions from
Washington:

             ...the Chrysler wheeled onto Route 50, heading away from
          Washington....

             In the jungle of neon lights and access roads at Seven Corners, 
          Corwin saw Scott bear right onto Route 7, the main road to Leesburg.
          The two cars moved slowly through Falls Church before the traffic
          began to thin out and speed up....

             At the fork west of Leesburg, Scott bore right on Route 9,
          heading toward Charles Town.... They began to climb toward the Blue
          Ridge, the eastern rim of the Shenandoah Valley....

             West of Hillboro, where the road crossed the Blue Ridge before 
          dropping into the valley....Scott turned left. Corwin followed him
          onto a black macadam road that ran straight along the spine of the
          ridge.

             ...Because of his White House job, Corwin knew something about 
          this road that few other Americans did. Virginia 120 appeared to be 
          nothing more than a better-than-average Blue Ridge byway, but it ran
          past Mount Thunder, where an underground installation provided one
          of the several bases from which the President could run the nation
          in the event of a nuclear attack on Washington.

     Knebel and Bailey disguised the directions slightly. You continue on 
Route 7 west of Leesburg, turning left on Route 601 just west of Bluemont. 
It's Virginia Route 601 that runs right up to the gates of Mount Weather. 
Residents have long known there is something funny about that road; it is 
always the first road cleared after a snowstorm.

     At one point, the government asked the local paper not to print any 
articles about the facility. But it is all but impossible to keep such a place 
secret. The Appalachian Trail runs right by Mount Weather, and hikers can get 
close enough to see signs and flashing lights. One sign reads: "All persons 
and vehicles entering hereon are liable to search. Photographing, making 
notes, drawings, maps or graphic representations of this area or its
activities are prohibited." In the late 1960s an unidentified "hippie" is
supposed to have stumbled upon the facility and sketched it from a tree. His
drawing turned up in the QUICKSILVER TIMES, an underground newspaper in
Washington.

     Residents also tell of the time a hunt club chased a fox onto the site
and triggered an alarm. The club had to go to the main gate to get the dogs
back.

     After the TWA crash, a spokesman "politely declined to comment on what 
Mt. Weather was used for, how many people work there, or how long it has been 
in its current use," the WASHINGTON POST reported. The POST published a 
picture of the facility, citing far-fetched speculation that Mount Weather's 
radio antennas may have interfered with the jet's radar and caused the
disaster.

     You don't get into Mount Weather without an invitation. The entrance is 
said to be like the door to a bank vault, only thicker, set into a mountain 
made out of the toughest granite in the East. It is guarded around the clock.

     Mount Weather got more unsolicited publicity in 1975. Senator John Tunney 
(D-Calif.) charged that Mount Weather held dossiers on 100,000 or more 
Americans. A sophisticated computer system gives the installation access to 
detailed information on the lives of virtually every American citizen, Tunney 
claimed. Mount Weather personnel stonewalled question after question in two 
Senate hearings.

     "I don't understand what they're trying to hide out there," Douglas Lea, 
staff director of the Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, said.
"Mount Weather is just closed up to us." Tunney complained that Mount Weather
was "out of control."

     Mount Weather has been owned by the government since 1903, when the site 
was purchased by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.  Calvin Coolidge talked 
about building a summer White House there.  In World War I it was an artillery 
range, and during the Depression it was a workfarm for hobos. Mount Weather as 
an alternate capital seems to have been the idea of Millard F.  Caldwell, 
former governor of Florida.

     There is a fallout shelter under the East Wing of the White House. No one 
believes it offers any real protection from a nuclear attack on Washington, 
however. FEMA has elaborate plans for getting the president and other key 
officials out of Washington should there be a nuclear attack.

     In that event, the president is supposed to board a Boeing 747 National 
Emergency Airborne Command Post ("Kneecap"). That is presumed to be safer than 
any point on the ground. The president's plane can be refueled in the air from 
other planes and may be able to stay airborne for as long as three days. Then 
its engine will conk out for lack of oil. That is where Mount Weather comes 
in.

     Government geologists selected the site because it has some of the most 
impregnable rock in the United States. The shelter was started in the Truman 
administration, and it took years to tunnel into the mountain.

     There is a whole chain of shelters for leaders and critical personnel. 
The Federal Relocation Arc, a system of ninety-six shelters for specific U.S. 
Government agencies, sweeps through North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, 
Maryland, and Pennsylvania. A duplicate of the Pentagon is located at a site 
called Raven Rock in Maryland. The administrative center of the whole system, 
and the place where the top civilians would go, is Mount Weather.

     Mount Weather is much more than a fallout shelter; it is a troglodytic 
Levittown. In the mid-1970s Richard Pollack, a writer for PROGRESSIVE 
magazine, interviewed a number of persons who had been associated with Mount 
Weather. According to them, Mount Weather is an underground city with roads, 
sidewalks, and a battery-powered subway. A spring-fed artificial lake gleams 
in the fluorescent light. There are office buildings, cafeterias, and 
hospitals. Large dormitories are furnished with bunks or "hot cots" -- 
hammocks intended to be occupied in three eight-hour shifts. There are private 
apartments as well. Mount Weather has its own waterworks, food storage, and 
power plant. A "bubble- shaped pod" in the East Tunnel houses one of the most 
powerful computers in the world.

     The Situation Room, a circular chamber, would be a nerve center in the 
time of war. The Mount Weather folks set great store by visual aids and retain 
artists and cartographers at all times.  A futuristic color videophone system 
is the basic means of communication within Mount Weather's subterranean world. 
"All important staff meetings were conducted via color television as far back 
as 1958, long before it was generally available to the public," one former 
staffer bragged.

     The most surprising of Pollack's revelations is that Mount Weather has a 
working back-up of U.S. Government EVEN NOW.  Undisclosed persons there 
duplicate the responsibilities of our elected leaders, making Mount Weather an 
eerie doppelganger of the United States.

     An Office of the Presidency is ensconced in an underground wing known as 
the White House. The elected president or survivor closest in the chain of 
command would make his way there and take over the reins. Until then, a 
staffer appointed by FEMA would be carrying out duties said to simulate those
of the real president.

     Installed at Mount Weather are nine federal departments, their very names 
ironic in the context: Agriculture, Commerce, Health and Human Services, 
Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, and the 
Treasury.  Miniature versions of the Selective Service, the Veteran's 
Administration, the Federal Communications Commission, the Post Office, the 
Civil Service Commission, the Federal Power Commission, and the Federal 
Reserve are there, too.

     "High-level government sources, speaking under the promise of strict 
anonymity, told me that each of the federal departments represented at Mount 
Weather is headed by a single person on who is conferred Cabinet-level 
official," Pollack reported. "Protocol even demands that subordinates address 
them as 'Mr. Secretary.' Each of the Mount Weather 'Cabinet members' is 
apparently appointed by the White House and serves an indefinite term. Many of 
the 'secretaries' have held their positions through several administrations."

     What do all these people DO? Twice a month, Mount Weather stages a war 
game to train its personnel and explore various dire scenarios. Once a year 
they pull out all the stops and have a super drill in which REAL Cabinet 
members and White House staffers fly in from Washington.

     General Leslie Bray, director of the Federal Preparedness Agency, FEMA's 
predecessor, told the Senate that Mount Weather has extensive files on 
"military installations, government facilities, communications, 
transportation, energy and power, agriculture, manufacturing, wholesale and 
retail services, manpower, financial, medical and educational institutions, 
sanitary facilities, population, housing shelter, and stockpiles." Additional 
information is kept in safekeeping at other shelters in the Federal Relocation 
Arc.

     There is a body of opinion that considers Mount Weather obsolete. Mount 
Weather is a non-movable target, and a very strategic one if the relocation 
works. The "toughest granite in the East" may have offered some protection in 
Eisenhower's time, but multiple strikes could blast the mountain away. It was 
reported that the TWA jet crash knocked out power at Mount Weather for two and
a half hours. What would a bomb do?

     The Soviet Union knows exactly where Mount Weather is -- and almost 
certainly knew long before the Western press did. The Soviets tried to buy an
estate near Mount Weather as a "vacation retreat" for embassy employees. The
State Department stopped the sale.


The Survivor List

     In 1975 General Bray told the Senate that the Mount Weather survivor list 
had sixty-five hundred names on it. Who might be included?

     The president, of course, provide he survives his Kneecap command. The 
vice-president and Cabinet members are on the list because they take part in 
the annual dry runs. Beyond that, little is known and the few existing
accounts conflict.

     For instance, what about Congress? General Bray said that his 
responsibilities included the executive branch only, not Congress or the 
Supreme Court. But in an interview in 1976, Senator Hubert Humphrey insisted 
that he had visited the shelter as vice- president and seen "a nice little 
chamber, rostrum and all," for postnuclear sessions of Congress.

     Furthermore, Earl Warren is said to have been invited when he was Chief 
Justice of the Supreme Court. Warren refused because he was not allowed to 
take his wife. The protocol for ordering persons to Mount Weather specifies 
that messages not be left with family members answering the phone.

     The vast majority of the persons on the list are believed to be ranking 
bureaucrats from the nine federal agencies with branches at Mount Weather. 
Pollack said he heard stories that some construction workers were on the list 
"because, the Mount Weather analysts reasoned, excavation work for mass graves 
would be needed immediately in the aftermath of a thermonuclear war." General 
Bray admitted that some others such as telephone company technicians are 
included.

     Each person on the survival list has an ID card with a photo.  The card 
reads: THE PERSON DESCRIBED ON THIS CARD HAS ESSENTIAL EMERGENCY DUTIES WITH 
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. REQUEST FULL ASSISTANCE AND UNRESTRICTED MOVEMENT BE 
AFFORDED THE PERSON TO WHOM THIS CARD IS ISSUED.