SECTION 6
TESTING AND MAINTENANCE
____________________
Recommendation Q.490
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TESTING AND MAINTENANCE
* 6.1 : General
In international working the guiding principles and testing arrangements
for maintenance as defined in Recommendations M.700 to M.728 and Q.134 also
apply to Signalling System R2. The organization of routine maintenance, tests
and measurements of signalling and switching should comply with
Recommendations M.716, M.718, M.719, M.728 and M.732.
The analogue line signalling of System R2 differs from other CCITT
signalling systems in two significant respects:
o line signals are sent over out-band signalling channels;
o an "interruption control" protects the line signalling from the
consequences of interruptions of the transmission path.
These two features of System R2 require special attention from a
maintenance point of view.
* 6.2 : Automatic procedures for transmission measurements and signalling
tests
Circuits operated with System R2 require elaborate transmission
measurements and signalling tests and also rapid and simple testing of
transmission and signalling. Both needs are preferably met by means of
automatic devices.
The specification for ATME-2 as adopted by CCITT makes it applicable to the
testing of international circuits using System R2. The necessary information
for its use on such circuits is contained in Recommendation O.22.
A description of a simplified programme for rapid testing of signalling and
checking the transmission quality of a circuit is given in S 6.3. Generally
speaking, the arrangements for automatic testing consist of outgoing test
equipment connected at the outgoing end of the circuit and incoming test
equipment connected at the incoming end.
* 6.3 : Automatic test procedures for test equipments
Automatic test procedures provides a means for rapid testing of signalling
and also checking the transmission quality of circuits operated with
Signalling System R2.
6.3.1 Numbering of access to test equipment
~~~~~
In international working, to set up a call to maintenance equipment via
circuits operated with System R2, the following multifrequency signals must be
sent:
o I-13 (replacing the language digit, in accordance with Recommendation
Q.133),
o I-13,
o two digits "XY" which will be associated with the type of test equipment
and the procedure for testing to be employed (see Recommendation Q.107,
Table 7),
o I-15 (if requested by the incoming equipment).
Provision is made for repetition of signal I-13 to avoid complications in
the incoming R2 register in the country of destination. The second signal
I-13 is stored in the place where the first digit of the routing information
is normally recorded. In this way, access to the test equipment requires no
analysis, for routing purpose, of the signal which takes the place of the
language digit.
When calls are set up to the test equipment, it is desirable to avoid
repetition of the request for the access code or for any other digit. This is
because the calls may come from equipment which is not normally designed to
interpret signals A-2, A-7 or A-8.
The address complete signal to be sent on calls to test equipment must be
one of the following:
o A-6 or A-3 followed by B-6 when incoming test equipment is free,
o A-4 or A-3 followed by B-3 or B-4 when incoming test equipment is busy.
Precautions should be taken that signal A-6 is only sent when it is sure
that the incoming test equipment is available for that call. When receiving
signal A-3, the outgoing test equipment sends signal II-7 in response.
Note - In national working, or in international working where the language
digit is omitted by bilateral agreement, the following multifrequency
signals must be sent:
o I-13.
o Two digits "XY".
o I-15 (if necessary).
6.3.2 Test sequence for simplified test
~~~~~
The test sequence is as follows:
a) seizing of the automatic incoming test equipment;
b) transition to answer state;
c) sending backward of a composite identification signal 1020 + 1140 Hz;
this signal will be acknow ledged in a compelled manner by the signal
mentioned under d);
d) recognition of a composite acknowledgement signal 1380 + 1980 Hz, sent
in the forward direction;
e) on the disappearance of the acknowledgement signal the incoming test
equipment passes to the clear-back state;
f) on recognition of the clear-back signal, the outgoing equipment will
send in a normal manner the clear-forward signal which will clear the
connection and release incoming test equipment. After release of the
incoming line circuit the release-guard signal will be sent in the
normal way. Detection of failure is made by timing out at the outgoing
equipment.
The frequencies mentioned under c) and d) are those for System R2
interregister signalling; transmission and reception of these frequencies in
the incoming test equipment must be in accordance with Section 4.
Attenuation pads may be inserted in the send and receive paths of the
outgoing test equipment to shift the receive level at the input of the
multifrequency receivers of the outgoing and incoming test equipment toward
the lower operational limit. This makes it possible to diagnose abnormal loss
on the circuit under test from defective multifrequency signal exchange
between outgoing and incoming test equipment. For testing international
System R2 circuits, the additional attenuation produced by the pads should be
10 _ 1 dB.
6.3.3 Good/no good transmission test equipment
~~~~~
In addition to the tests described in SS 6.3.1 and 6.3.2 a good/no good
transmission test may be provided as a simple means for fast error
localization. Such a test is described in Recommendation Q.137 for System No.
4 (i.e. and the frequency of the test signal, the tolerances and the
deviation from the nominal value, the test signal generators and receivers
would all be the same) but the sending level being -10 dBm.
It is to be noted that loop transmission measurements of the kind specified
in Recommendation Q.136 cannot be made on System R2 circuits.
* 6.4 : Testing of analogue line signalling equipment under abnormal
conditions
The specification of the analogue line signalling equipment contains
clauses concerning operation under abnormal conditions, including the action
to be taken in case of interruption control alarm. The testing equipment
described in S 6.2 is not applicable to such conditions and therefore the
functioning of the analogue line signalling equipment under abnormal
conditions should be tested internally at each end of a circuit either
manually or automatically with special equipment.
The detailed programme for this testing will be specified by each
Administration.
The design and construction of the line signalling equipment should be such
as to permit both operational and limit testing in normal and abnormal
conditions.
* 6.5 : Alarms for the technical staff
Certain abnormal conditions in the signalling equipment should cause alarms
to be set off for the technical staff (see also Recommendation Q.117). The
relevant requirements are found in Section 2 (line signalling equipment) and
in Section 5 (time-out in multifrequency registers).
As indicated in S 2.2.3, a fault occurring during release of a circuit may
result in an abnormal blocking condition. In this case there is a "tone-on"
condition in both signalling directions, yet the circuit is not in the idle
condition since the release-guard signal has not been received. If no special
action is taken, a temporary fault may therefore result in the circuit's being
out of service until it is manually restored by the maintenance staff, after
receipt of an alarm (see S 2.2.4).
It may accordingly be desirable to arrange for automatic restoration of
abnormally blocked circuits. For Administrations wishing to introduce this
function, the recommended arrangement is described below.
* 6.6 : Recommended method for automatic restoration of an abnormally
blocked circuit
When an outgoing link is abnormally blocked, periodic sending on the
outgoing link of the seizing signal, followed shortly afterwards by the
clear-forward signal, is initiated.
Clearance of the fault which caused the abnormal blocked condition will
initiate a release-guard signal at the incoming end whereupon the outgoing end
restores the link to the idle condition.
The intervals, at which the periodic sequence described above is repeated,
should be between 30 seconds and 2 minutes.
The first operation of the automatic device should be performed as soon as
possible, but not before 2-3 seconds have elapsed, after recognition of the
abnormally blocked condition at T1 (see S 2.2).
After a period of three to six minutes a delayed alarm should be given in
accordance with Recommendation Q.412, S 2.2.4.
In the event of a backward tone-off condition being detected, other than in
response to a periodic clear-forward signal, the periodic sequence is
suspended until the backward tone is again recognized whereupon the periodic
sending sequence is restarted.
If interruption control at the outgoing end occurs during the abnormally
blocked condition, the periodic sending sequence is suspended until the
interruption control reverts to normal, whereupon the periodic sending
sequence is restarted.
* 6.7 : Instructions for the maintenance of channels and circuits using
System R2 line signalling system at 3825 Hz
The analogue line signalling equipment specified in Section 2 is closely
associated with the channel translating equipment and its operation may be a
function of the group and supergroup translating and through-connection
equipments. Maintenance of the circuits and groups which support them is
governed by the principles and Recommendations of Volume IV. However, the
introduction of out-band signalling calls for a few complements to these
Recommendations, as described below.
6.7.1 Bringing into service of group, supergroup, mastergroup or
~~~~~ supermastergroup links
a) SS 2.1 and 7.6 of Recommendation M.460
It should be noted that group and supergroup pilots placed at 140 Hz
from a virtual carrier frequency are incompatible with signalling at
3825 Hz. Hence, the pilot on 84.140 kHz should not be applied to groups
in which channel 6 is to be operated with this out-band signalling.
Similarly, the pilot on 411.860 kHz should not be applied to supergroups
in which channel 1 of the group in the group 3 position is to be
operated with signalling at 3825 Hz.
If the channels of a group are to be operated with System R2, each
extremity of the group should be equipped, at the receiving end, with a
device to give protection against faulty signalling conditions which may
result from an interruption in the transmission channels (interruption
control). This equipment, which is based on pilot level detection; must
comply with the conditions specified in S 2.4.3 of Recommendation Q.416.
Note - If the channels of a supergroup which are operated with System R2 have
the same extremities as the supergroup, a device based on monitoring of
the supergroup pilot can be used instead of one based on monitoring of
the group pilot. It will have to meet the same specifications.
b) S 7.2 of Recommendation M.460
The group-translating and through-connection equipments are specified
with a passband extending from 60.600 kHz to 107.700 kHz. If it is
wished to use channels 12 with signalling at 3825 Hz, it is necessary to
ensure when the group is set up, that the corresponding frequency
(60.175 kHz) is transmitted satisfactorily from end to end of the group
link.
Provisionally, in view of the operating margin of the receiving part of
the signalling equipment, it is desirable to check that attenuation at
this frequency does not exceed the attenuation at the group pilot
frequency by more than 3 dB.
A similar precaution should be taken on setting up group links when
signalling is to be used at 3825 Hz on channel 12 of the group
transmitted in position 5 on the supergroup.
6.7.2 Setting-up and lining-up the channels of an international group
~~~~~
6.7.2.1 Setting up the out-band signalling channel for the System R2
Testing of the sending equipment:
o The sending level of the signalling frequency corresponding to 3825
Hz if the carrier is taken as the frequency of origin must be lined
up at -20 _ 1 dBm0. When this frequency is not to be sent, its leak
transmitted to line should not exceed -45 dBm0.
Testing of the receiving equipment:
o The signalling receiver must operate in the conditions described in
SS 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.2.2. It must not function when a signal, of which
the characteristics (level and frequency) are such that the
representative point is below the graph in Figure 8/Q.415, is applied
to the same point.
This test may be replaced by the following one to check the protection
against unwanted signals (impulsive noise):
o The sending part of the group terminal equipment is connected to its
receiving part by a closed-circuit loop at the group distribution
frame, this loop introducing a slight gain (e.g. 3 dB) if possible.
The standardized click generator (see Figure 7/Q.414) is applied to
each speech channel successively at the point where this channel is
connected to the switching equipment, and a check is made to ensure
that no wrong signals are retransmitted at the receiving end to the
switching equipment by the channel signalling equipment concerned or
by those of the other channels in the group.
6.7.2.2 Closed-circuit loop tests: response time
When the transmission-reception loop of the terminal equipment is
effected at the group distribution frame or at an equivalent point, a
check is made to ensure that less than 30 ms elapse between the moment
when the change of condition is applied to the transmitter associated
with each channel and the moment when it appears at the output of the
corresponding receiver.
6.7.2.3 End-to-end tests
When the terminal channel-translating equipments are normally connected
to the extremities of the link, an end-to-end operating test is carried
out. The level of the line-signalling frequencies transmitted and
received for each channel are likewise measured, to provide a reference,
at the group terminal distribution frames or at equivalent points.
ANNEX A
(to Signalling System R2 Specifications)
_____________________________________
(see Recommendations Q.400 and Q.441)
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Provision of a forward-transfer signalling facility
* A.1 : General
The System R2 does not provide a forward-transfer line signal. However for
certain relations it may be decided by bilateral or multilateral agreement to
introduce the forward-transfer signalling facility into System R2.
One possible procedure that has been adopted for use within Europe, is to
use the PYY in-band signal of System No. 4. This solution is only economical
in regions where the facility is needed for a small proportion of the calls.
For international working the method as described below may be followed.
Note - The method given in this Annex may also be adopted in national networks
where the forward-transfer facility is considered necessary for trunk
offering and recalling operators. However, care must be taken to see
that the transmission limits applying to the forward-transfer signal
specified are observed.
* A.2 : Method recommended for introducing the forward-transfer signalling
facility into System R2
Forward-transfer signalling will be provided by means of special equipment
which uses in-band signalling and which is switched only on to those
connections which may require this facility. The amount of special equipment
necessary can, accordingly, be reduced to a minimum and adapted, in a flexible
manner, to actual needs. The in-band signal constituting the forward-transfer
signal is sent end-to-end between the outgoing and incoming international
exchanges. When the special equipment receives the forward-transfer signal,
it performs the necessary operations at the incoming exchange.
A.2.1 Access to the special equipment in an incoming international exchange
~~~~~
In an incoming international exchange access to the special equipment for
forward-transfer signalling can be determined by the use of the following
indicators:
1) Special marking of incoming routes on which forward-transfer signalling
is used.
2) Language digit indicating semi-automatic traffic.
3) Calls for code 11 or code 12 operator.
4) Special interregister signalling sequence in which the incoming exchange
sends signal A-5, send calling party's category the forward-transfer
signalling facility is required the outgoing R2 register will respond to
this by sending the signal II-10. This signal indicates an
operator-initiated call on which special equipment for forward-transfer
signalling is needed.
The use of these indicators will depend on the amount of traffic for
which forward-transfer signalling is employed. In some cases one or two
of the indicators will be utilized. In others, combinations of all will
be used to reduce to a minimum the amount of special equipment required.
A.2.2 In-band forward-transfer signalling
~~~~~
In System R2 the in-band forward-transfer signal is the same as that used
in System No. 4. For the definition of this signal see Recommendation Q.120,
S 1.12. The signal is the signal PYY defined in Recommendation Q.121, S 2.3.
The forward-transfer signal is sent in accordance with Recommendations Q.122
and Q.124.
The signal receiver and the splitting arrangements to be incorporated in
the special equipment at the incoming international exchange are in accordance
with Recommendations Q.123 and Q.124.
Provided it creates no difficulty for incoming national network signalling,
no splitting need be effected at the receiving end and the caller will then
hear the entire signal PYY.
PART IV
SUPPLEMENTS TO THE SERIES Q RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCERNING SIGNALLING SYSTEMS R1 AND R2
Supplement No. 1
LINE SIGNALLING FOR DC LINES WITH SYSTEM
R2 INTERREGISTER SIGNALLING
1. Introduction
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In the following specification a line signalling system is defined for
2-wire, DC-lines with or without metering facility during speech.
The signalling polarity is provided by the incoming exchange and a loop is
provided in the outgoing exchange, so that in case of cable fracture the
outgoing exchange is informed automatically that the line(s) concerned is(are)
no longer available.
The line signal repertoire is based on the presence of System R2
interregister signalling.
Apart from the metering pulses, the line signalling is continuous, which
means that a certain state of a connection is characterized by a special
signalling condition which is maintained as long as the indicated condition
continues to exist.
The following states are provided:
Forward direction:
1) idle
2) seized
3) clear-forward
Backward direction:
1) available
2) seized before answer only without metering only with metering
3) answered
4) metering
5) clear-back
6) forced release
7) not available (blocking)
2. Principles of the signalling and speech circuit
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 2.1 : Signalling circuit
An example of a signalling circuit is shown in Figure 1. Feeding of the
loop occurs at the incoming exchange; the direction of the current can be
reversed by contacts X and the feeding current can be switched off by contacts
Tu. Contacts Bl are also used to switch off the feeding current and
consequently, to block the circuit. This can only take place if the line
circuit in the outgoing exchange is detected as being in the open or high
resistance state.
When the contacts are in the position shown in the figure, normal loop
current flows and when the contacts X are switched over reversed loop current
flows.
In the outgoing exchange the state can be changed, by means of contact W,
from the high resistance condition with the current-direction sensitive
detector H switched in, to a state with two low resistance current-direction
sensitive detectors L and R.
In addition to contact W a contact K is provided to open the loop; the open
loop state is used to expedite the recognition of clear-forward.
In the line circuit in the incoming exchange a filter is needed to provide
sufficient attenuation in the audible components arising in case of polarity
reversing. This is necessary, in particular, when metering pulses are sent
during conversation.
In the line circuit in the outgoing exchange a filter may be needed to
provide sufficient attenuation in the audible components arising when
detectors L and R are operated and/or released. This filter, if required at
all, can normally be much simpler than the one used in the incoming exchange.
* 2.2 : Speech circuit
An example of a speech circuit is also shown in Figure 1. A circuit
equipped with the loop signalling system concerned has to be electrically
separated, from the preceding or following parts of the connection. This
prevents interference by longitudinal voltages in other parts of the
connection.
The detectors shall be of high impedance for speech.
Figure 1 p.
3. Meaning of the signalling states
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In the Tables 1, 2 and 3 the meaning of the various signalling states are
shown.
Outgoing exchange:
o high resistance = idle
o low resistance = seized
o open = clear-forward.
Incoming exchange (without | etering):
o normal loop polarity = available, seized or clear-back
o reversed loop polarity = unavailable or answer
o no voltage = unavailable (blocking).
Incoming exchange (with | etering):
o normal loop polarity = available or seized
o reversed loop polarity = unavailable or metering pulse
o no voltage = unavailable (blocking) or forced release.
4. Discrimination between the various signalling states
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
It is not necessary to be able to discriminate between each state of one
end and all states of the other end. However, the capabilities shown in
Tables 1, 2 and 3 should be provided.
Table 1 p.
Table 2 p.30
Table 3 p.
5. Operation (see Figures 2a-2f)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 5.1 : In the idle state the line circuit in the outgoing exchange
continuously checks whether or not the line is blocked by the high
resistance detector H. This detector operates when the line is
intact and the normal loop polarity is present in the incoming
exchange indicating the state "available".
Detector V in the incoming exchange is marginal and does not operate in
this state.
* 5.2 : If the circuit in the outgoing exchange is seized for a call the
exchange switches in the low resistance state and the low resistance
detector L operates.
In the line circuit in the incoming exchange the detector V operates and
the incoming equipment assumes the seized state.
* 5.3 : The B-subscriber answers
a) Without metering
When the B-subscriber answers this is indicated by the line circuit in
the incoming exchange by reversing the loop feeding polarity to reversed
loop polarity. In the circuit in the outgoing exchange the low
resistance detector R operates and L releases.
b) With metering
When the B-subscriber answers this is indicated by the incoming exchange
(except in the case of a call that is free of charge) by sending a
metering pulse. The incoming exchange sends a metering pulse by
reversing the loop feeding polarity to reversed loop polarity during the
metering pulse.
In the line circuit in the outgoing exchange the low resistance detector
R operates and L releases.
* 5.4 : The equipment must allow the following rules to be applied with
respect to the sending of metering pulses.
o A metering pulse must be completed by the incoming exchange before
sending forced release.
o After sending a metering pulse there is no minimum period with normal
loop polarity before forced release is sent.
o During the receipt of a metering pulse the outgoing exchange is allowed
to start sending clear-forward.
* 5.5 : Backward release
a) Without metering
The incoming exchange can inform the outgoing exchange that the
B-subscriber has cleared by sending clear-back. This signal consists in
reversing the loop feeding polarity to normal loop polarity. In the
line circuit of the outgoing exchange the low resistance detector L
operates and R releases.
The incoming exchange remains in this state (clear-back) until the
outgoing exchange sends clear-forward or the B-subscriber reanswers.
b) With metering
The incoming exchange can inform the outgoing exchange that the
connection can be released by sending forced release. This signal,
which consists in switching off the loop feeding potential, must persist
for a minimum time T3. After receiving forced release the line circuit
of the outgoing exchange must transmit clear-forward within a time T4
which is less than time T3.
Time T3 finishes when the line circuit in the incoming exchange is again
available; normal loop polarity is then sent.
The above mentioned cleard-forward in the line circuit in the outgoing
exchange is followed (just as in the case of the release without forced
release described in S 5.6 by the idle state).
* 5.6 : In order to release the circuit the outgoing exchange opens the loop
(clear-forward) during a time T1, before switching in the high ohmic
detector.
The incoming exchange must switch to one of the unavailable states within a
time T2 which is less than T1, unless the circuit in this exchange is
available before the time T2 has elapsed.
* 5.7 : The incoming exchange can signal in two ways that it is not
available for a new call, namely by reversing the loop or by
switching off the feeding potentials.
In so far as the unavailability of the line circuit in the incoming
exchange forms part of normal operation, this state should be indicated by
reversed loop polarity.
Unavailability of the line circuit in the incoming exchange for other
reasons should be indicated by switching off the feeding potentials.
* 5.8 : If during the seized state of the line circuit in the outgoing
exchange, the circuit is interrupted by disturbances or by the
feeding potential being switched off, the outgoing exchange has to
react to it in the same way as it does to clear-back (without
metering) or forced release (with metering), possibly followed by
blocking.
* 5.9 : At the incoming exchange during the unavailable state and for a
subsequent period of 100 ms during the available state, operation of
detector V should be ineffective.
FIGURES 2 a)/b) p.5
FIGURES 2 c)/d) p.6
FIGURE 2 e) p.7
FIGURE 2 f) p.8
6. Time requirements
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 6.1 : Recognition times
a) When the outgoing exchanges is in the idle state but blocked the
recognition time of the unblocking condition (normal loop polarity) must
be 100-300 ms.
b) In order to make a clear distinction between the reversal of the
polarity and no voltage the recognition time of forced release must be
60-180 ms.
c) The recognition time of all remaining conditions must be 10-40 ms.
* 6.2 : Release times
a) The time T2 depends on the recognition time of detector V and the
reaction time of the incoming exchange which can be assumed 30 ms;
consequently the time T2 is defined 10-70 ms.
b) Without metering
The worst case when releasing a circuit occurs if the B-subscriber
releases just after the A-subscriber releases, causing clear-back to be
sent before the recognition time of clear-forward has elapsed. In order
to safeguard the operation in that particular situation the time T1 is
defined 300-600 ms.
c) With metering
The worst case when releasing a circuit occurs if within the recognition
time of clear-forward a metering pulse starts and that within the length
of this pulse clear-forward cannot be recognized. In order to safeguard
the operation in that particular situation the time T1 is defined
500-1000 ms.
The time T3 depends on the discharge time of the involved circuit and
the time T4. For the discharge time, a time 80 ms can be assumed. The
time T4 depends on the recognition time of forced release [see S 6.1 |
)] and the reaction time of the outgoing exchange which can be assumed
30 ms; consequently the time T4 is defined 60-210 ms. Addition of these
times leads to a time T3 _" 300 ms.
* 6.3 : Sending times
The length of the metering pulse to be sent shall be 120-180 ms.
7. Miscellaneous
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This supplement does not describe values for the impedance of the detectors
and the cable and does not indicate operate/nonoperate limits for the
detectors, because these parameter are rather dependent on the capabilities of
the related network. Therefore these requirements must be provided by each
Administration.
Supplement No. 2
BOTH-WAY WORKING OF THE ANALOGUE LINE
SIGNALLING VERSION OF SIGNALLING SYSTEM R2
1. Both-way working
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In principle the Signalling System R2 is specified for one-way working.
The following additional clauses therefore apply only to cases where
Administrations have undertaken by bilateral agreement to use both-way
working.
Equipment which must be equally usable in both-way and in one-way operation
should be so designed that it can be easily adapted to the requirements of
either mode of operation.
A peculiarity of both-way working with the system under consideration is
that a blocking signal cannot be distinguished from a seizing signal at either
end of a circuit, since the transition of the signalling condition
corresponding to these signals is the same, namely from tone-on to tone-off .
When a both-way circuit is seized simultaneously at both ends, the
signalling tone is disconnected in both directions of transmission; this is
the criterion for detecting the double-seizure situation.
The special arrangements required for both-way working relate to the two
cases mentioned above. For all other signalling phases the specifications for
one-way working remain valid without modification.
* 1.1 : Normal conditions
1.1.1 Double-seizure
~~~~~
When the signalling equipment at one end of a both-way circuit seizes that
circuit by disconnecting the signalling tone, it must verify that cessation of
the signalling tone in the opposite direction does not occur within 250 _ 50
ms of the disconnection of the signalling tone in the forward direction. If
the signalling equipment detects the removal of the signalling tone within
that interval then a double-seizure situation is recognized. Each end must
return to the idle state after sending the clear-forward signal and
recognizing tone-on condition on the signalling channel. However, each end
must, even if immediately seized for an out- going call, maintain tone-on
condition for at least 100 ms on the outgoing signalling channel to ensure
that the end of the double seizure situation is recognized at the other end.
Although a double seizure has been recognized, the tone-off | ondition in
the backward direction is passed on backwards. This will be regarded as an
erroneous answer signal and lead to the release of the connection in
accordance with S 2.2.3 in the Specifications. However, as specified in S
1.2.1 below the clear-forward signal (tone-on | ondition) must not be sent
until the tone-off condition has been maintained for at least 1250 _ 250 ms.
Each end after sending of the clear-forward signal returns to the idle
condition when the time interval 250 _ 50 ms (see S 2.2.2.6 in the
Specifications) has elapsed, and the sending of the tone-on condition from the
other end has been recognized.
In the sense of preventive action it is recommended that an opposite order
of circuit selection is used by each exchange of a both-way circuit group to
minimize double seizure.
1.1.2 Minimum duration of idle state after release-guard
~~~~~
When a both-way circuit is released, the end which acted as the incoming
end must, even if immediately seized for a call in the opposite traffic
direction, maintain the tone-on condition for at least 100 ms to ensure that
the release-guard sequence is recognized at the other end.
1.1.3 Blocking
~~~~~
When a both-way circuit is blocked manually in its idle state at one end
(A), the blocking signal, must be transmitted to the other end (B), where it
will nevertheless be interpreted as a seizing signal. This will mean that an
incoming R2 register is seized, but is not receiving any interregister signal.
After the lapse of this register's time-out delay the circuit must be kept
blocked locally (at end B) against all calls in the B-A direction so long as
the tone-off condition persists in A-B direction.
To avoid certain difficulties (see SS 1.2.1 and 1.2.2 below) and in
contrast to S 2.2.3.5 in the Specifications the tone-off condition is not
applied in the opposite direction (B-A) to the blocking direction (A-B).
When the blocking is removed at end A the signalling tone is again
transmitted in direction A-B and the B-end interprets the onset of the
signalling tone as a clear-forward signal, thereby initiating the
release-guard sequence in the B-A direction.
* 1.2 : Abnormal conditions
The cases described below relate to interruption of the individual
signalling channels or to faults in the individual line-signalling equipment.
Interruption control does not function in these cases.
In any circuit the interruption of one or both signalling channels can
bring about signalling sequences different from those described in S 2.2.3 in
the Specifications for one-way working.
1.2.1 When an interruption of the signalling channel in one of the two
~~~~~ directions brings about a signalling state corresponding to blocking,
the release-guard sequence will be initiated the moment the interruption ends
(see S 1.1.3).
The release-guard sequence implies that the signalling tone in the backward
direction be disconnected for an interval 450 _ 90 ms. In both-way working
this tone-off condition must not be interpreted as seizing. To avoid a
repetition of the exchange of release-guard sequences certain precautions must
be taken.
The following additional requirements should then be met:
o when the tone-off | ondition has lasted for an interval of less than 750
_ 150 ms the return to tone-on condition must not initiate a
release-guard sequence;
o once the signalling condition corresponding to seizing has been
established, it must be maintained for at least 1250 _ 250 ms (this is a
deviation to the requirement in S 2.2.2.1 in the Specifications).
When the interruption of one of the signalling channels has brought about
blocking of the circuit at one end (B), as described above, that circuit can
be seized at the other end (A). The end A will not have received the blocking
signal from end B (see S 1.1.3) because that would cause permanent blocking of
the circuit, which would then no longer be able to restore itself to normal
functioning. Should a seizing now occur, this will lead to loss of a call;
but subsequently, since the clear-forward signal cannot be transmitted, the
circuit will remain blocked at end A. The whole further signalling sequence
for reverting the circuit under consideration to idle follows the
specification for one-way circuits.
1.2.2 An interruption of both signalling channels on any circuit will be
~~~~~ interpreted by the equipment at each end of the line as seizing and the
equipments will be blocked after the lapse of the time-out delay of the
incoming R2 registers.
If, after an interruption, only one signalling channel is restored, the
equipment at the incoming end in relation to that signalling channel will
interpret the tone-on condition as a clear-forward signal and therefore bring
into operation the release-guard sequence. The terminal equipment at that end
will revert to the idle state, while the terminal equipment at the other end
remains blocked. This is the situation envisaged in S 1.2.1 above.
When both signalling channels are simultaneously restored, the terminal
equipment at both ends will interpret the onset of the signalling tone as a
clear-forward signal and this will bring the release-guard sequence into
operation. The result will be that the terminal equipment at both ends will
again recognize the tone-off condition for a brief interval.
The following additional clause must be observed, to avoid permanent
blocking of the circuit in this condition:
o When, after blocking, the line-signalling equipment at one end (A) of a
both-way circuit has recognized the clear-forward signal, it must
complete the release-guard sequence and restore the signalling tone after
450 _ 90 ms in the direction A-B, even if the tone in direction B-A is
interrupted. If such interruption (in direction B-A) lasts for less than
750 _ 150 ms, the circuit returns to the idle state when the signalling
tone is restored in both directions. If the interruption is longer than
750 _ 150 ms, restoration of the signalling tone in direction B-A will
initiate a new release-guard sequence in direction A-B (see S 1.2.1
above).
1.2.3 If an abnormal condition according to S 2.2.3.3 in the Specifications
~~~~~ occurs at one end of a both-way circuit, this end is blocked for
outgoing traffic. Such blocking should, however, not prevent the circuit
being used in the other traffic direction.
2. Special conditions regarding the interruption control for both-way working
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 2.1 : As soon as an operating condition has been established on a both-way
circuit and the outgoing and incoming ends of the circuit have been
determined with certainty, the interruption control specifications
for one-way working become equally applicable to both-way circuits.
* 2.2 : When a both-way circuit is in the idle state, transition to alarm of
the interruption control of one direction of transmission must bring about
operations to ensure that the signalling con- dition existing at that moment
on the signalling channel of the opposite direction is maintained - in
contrast to specifica- tion 2.4.2.1 | ) | ) in the Specifications for one-way
working. This precaution obviates a permanent blocking of a both-way circuit
when interruption of the signalling channels occurs simultaneously in both
directions. It does not ensure immediate blocking of the circuit; this will
not occur until the circuit has been seized by the next call.
* 2.3 : In all operating conditions intermediate between the idle | tate and
the condition at the moment when the direction of seizure of the both-way
circuit is determined (see above), the line-signalling equipment at both ends
will be locked by interruption control in the condition in which it was before
interruption control passed to alarm.
Supplement No. 3
USE OF THE ANALOGUE LINE SIGNALLING VERSION
ON 2048 kbit/s PCM TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
(refer to Recommendation G.732)
This solution is restricted for use within national networks or
internationally subject to bilateral agreements because it requires some
conventions which otherwise would have to be agreed upon in CCITT. However,
cost aspects may be a more decisive factor than the required conventions.
The analogue version of the line signalling is used on both the analogue
and the digital transmission systems.
Two examples of the use of the analogue line signalling on digital
transmission systems are shown in Figure 1.
Apart from the interruption control handling, the transmultiplexer or other
conversion equipment is transparent to the line signalling.
The out-slot signalling is carried in time slot 16 of 2048 kbit/s systems
(refer to Recommendation G.732, Table 3). Bit a of time slot 16 is used to
transmit the line signalling state of the corresponding analogue channel. Bit
b is used to indicate that the analogue transmission system is in the alarm
condition with the following convention. For all the digital circuits
connected to the circuits of this analogue group bit b = 1 means alarm
condition on the analogue group.
1. In order to ensure the correct working of the line signalling under fault
~~~~conditions when employing T MUX some time requirements must be fulfilled.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 1.1 : The fault occurs on a PCM multiplex | see Figure 2)
If the fault occurs on PCM multiplex No. 1, the transmission of the alarm
indication will take place in the following time con- ditions:
o the fault occurs at T ;
o the fault is detected by the transmultiplexer at T + t1;
o the transmultiplexer stops sending the pilot on GP1, GP2 and GP3at T + t1
+ t2;
o the alarm indication is detected at the analogue distant end at T + t1 +
t2 + t3 + tp,
where:
o t1is the time needed for recognition of the faulty transmission on a PCM
2048 kbit/s multiplex;
o t2is a processing time needed by the transmultiplexer after detection of
alarm on the PCM multiplex;
o this the response time for the pilot receiver when the pilot level
falls: it is the time t v specified in Recommendation Q.416 (t v <
tr\ds | dm\di\dn + 13 ms), applicable only for the recognition time t =
20 _ 7 ms;
o this the propagation delay on the analogue section.
FIGURE 1 p.9
Figure 2, p.10
In the same situation, if the transmission fault disturbs signalling
information, erroneous signals will be transmitted in the following time
conditions:
o the fault occurs at T ;
o the erroneous signalling condition appears at the input of the analogue
channel at T + t4;
o the erroneous signalling condition appears at the input of the distant
signalling equipment at T + t4 + t5 + tp,
where:
o this the time needed for transferring a line signal from digital access
to analogue access;
o this the response time of the line signals receiver at the distant
analogue end (tr\dsin Signalling System R2 Specifications);
o this the propagation delay on the analogue section.
If tris the recognition time of line signals specified in Recommendation
Q.412, correct working can be ensured if:
t1 + t2 + t3 + tp t4 + t5 + tp + tr
or
t1 + t2 + t3 t4 + t5 + tr
or
t1 + t2 + t v t4 + tr\ds + tr.
Recommendation Q.416 specifies that t v t rs | in. + t r | in. (where t r
| in. = 13 ms). Thus, if t1 + t2 t4, correct working of line signalling can
be ensured.
This inequality indicates simply that the time needed for detection of a
faulty transmission on a PCM multiplex plus the time needed for stopping pilot
sending when the alarm is detected must be less than the transfer time of a
line signal across the transmultiplexer. This time requirement can be
fulfilled, if necessary, by introducing in the transmultiplexer a small delay
in line signals transmission.
* 1.2 : The fault occurs on an analogue group
If, for example, the fault occurs on the analogue group GP1, the
transmission of the alarm indication will take place in accordance with the
following time conditions:
o the fault occurs at T ;
o the fault is detected by the transmultiplexer at T + t1;
o bit b is set to 1 on the digital channels concerned at T + t1 + t2;
o the alarm indication appears at the distant digital end at T + t1 + t2 +
t3 + tp,
where:
o this the time needed for detection of loss of pilot;
o this the time needed for transferring alarm information to the digital
output;
o this the response time of the signalling equipment of the digital
multiplex;
o this propagation delay.
If the same fault disturbs signalling information, erroneous signals will
be transmitted in the following time conditions:
o the fault occurs at T ;
o the erroneous signalling condition is detected by the transmultiplexer
at T + t4;
o bit a is changed at the sending end of the digital section by the
transmultiplexer at T + t4 + t5;
o the erroneous signalling condition appears at the input of the distant
signalling equipment at T + t4 + t5 + t6 + tp,
where:
o this the response time of the signalling tone receiver in the
transmultiplexer;
o this the time needed for transferring a line signal from the output of
the signalling tone receiver to the digital output (change of bit a );
o this the response time of the signalling equipment of the PCM 2048 kbit/s
multiplex (t3 = t6).
Correct working of line signalling is ensured if:
t1 + t2 + t3 + tp t4 + t5 + t6 + tp + tr
or
t1 + t2 t4 + t5 + tr
and if trhas its minimum value t1 + t2 t4 + t5 + 13 ms.
This inequality indicates that the time for detecting loss of pilot plus
the time needed for setting bit b to 1 after loss of pilot detection by the
transmultiplexer must be less than the response time of the signalling tone
receiver in the transmultiplexer plus the transfer time of line signal plus 13
ms.
Supplement No. 4
IN-BAND LINE SIGNALLING FOR 3 kHz SPACED CHANNELS
1. Line signalling code
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 1.1 : General
For 3 kHz spaced carrier circuits, an in-band line signalling system is
necessary. For this purpose the line signalling of Signalling System No. 4
(Recommendations Q.121, SS 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and Q.122) must be used.
* 1.2 : Line signals
The following line signals of Signalling System No. 4 are necessary in
combination with Signalling System R2 interregister signalling.
1.2.1 Forward signals
~~~~~
o Terminal seizing: in case of transit this is indicated by the
interregister signalling;
o Forward-transfer: although the forward-transfer facility is not provided
in Signalling System R2, it can be used when Recommendation Q.400, S
1.1.3 is implemented;
o Clear-forward.
1.2.2 Backward signals
~~~~~
o Answer,
o Clear-back,
o Release-guard,
o Blocking,
o Unblocking: this signal is not separately defined in the Specifications
of Signalling System R2, but it is similar to restoring the tone (see
Recommendation Q.412, S 2.2.2.5).
Supplement No. 5
LINE SIGNALLING (ANALOGUE VERSION) WITH METERING
1. General
~~~~~~~~~~~
Signalling System R2 may be used as an integrated signalling system for
national and international traffic in a national network. Under certain
conditions it is desirable to have additional line signals available, and in
particular a metering signal in order to permit the charging of national calls
and international calls generated in the national network concerned.
This supplement to the specifications of Signalling System R2 deals only
with the clauses for exchange line signalling equipment which has been changed
in order to take care of the addition of new operating conditions created by
the additional metering signals and related only to the requirements of a
national network. The conditions of the interruption control have been
adapted accordingly.
The transmission of the metering signal can be extended over a maximum of
three links between the subscriber exchange and the exchange where the
charging equipment has been installed.
2. Line conditions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Taking into account the time sequence, the circuit will have the seven
characteristic operating conditions shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 p.
3. Clauses for exchange line signalling equipment
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 3.1 : Recognition time for transition of signalling condition
The recognition time for a changed condition (transition from tone-on to
tone-off or vice versa) is 40 _ 10 ms according to the decisions taken by
Study Group XI of the CCITT. The definition of the recognition time is
indicated in Recommendation Q.412, S 2.2.1.
* 3.2 : Normal operating conditions
3.2.1 General
~~~~~
Except for the states, metering and forced release, the other states
(seizure, answered, release, blocking and release-guard) follow the same
states as those indicated in Recommendation Q.412, S 2.2.2. Instead of the
situation "release in clear-back state" a situation "release in forced release
state" is possible.
3.2.2 Metering
~~~~~
The metering signals are pulse-type signals transmitted backwards during
the conversation on a link-by-link basis. They are the only signals for which
a repetition of the actual signal in a link-by-link basis is necessary in
order to avoid an inacceptable distortion of the metering signals.
For the meter pulses the following limits have to be respected:
o sending: 120-180 ms;
o recognition time between the recognized transitions at the receiving
side: 60-90 ms.
For the interval between metering signals, the following sending limit has
to be observed: minimum 300 ms.
The time at the sending end between the answer signal and the start of the
first metering signal and between the end of the last metering signal and the
start of the forced release signal shall be more than 300 ms.
3.2.3 Forced release | see Figures 1 and 2)
~~~~~
When the called subscriber clears at the end of a call, the exchange which
controls the connection will receive the clear-back signal from the called
subscriber's end. If the calling subscriber does not clear within a period
defined by the Administration concerned for national traffic, and according to
Recommendation Q.118 for international traffic, the controlling exchange stops
metering, transmits forced release to the preceding exchange and clears for-
ward the succeeding part of the connection. In the preceding exchange, the
forced released signal will only be recognized after 300 ms or more in order
to avoid confusion with a metering signal.
After recognition of the forced release signal in the originating
exchange, the tone-on condition will be transmitted forwards and the part of
the connection to the controlling exchange will be released.
The release procedure is identical to the one specified for the analogue
version of the line signalling.
There is no forced release in case of no reception of the answer signal in
the controlling exchange following an address-complete signal. After a period
defined by the Administration concerned for national traffic, and according to
Recommendation Q.118 for international traffic the controlling exchange sends
busy tone to the calling subscriber and sends clear-forward to release the
succeeding part of the connection.
Figure 1 p.
Figure 2 p.
4. Mode of operation of interruption control
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 4.1 : General
Generally speaking, it can be said that the mode of operation of the
interruption control complies with the specifications of Signalling System R2,
and in particular with Recommendation Q.416. However, it is necessary to
define the work of operation of the interruption control for the following
conditions:
a) circuit in answered state (metering in the backward direction);
b) circuit in forced release state.
* 4.2 : Mode of operation of interruption control at the incoming end
(transmission interrupted in the forward direction)
a) Circuit in answered state
Transition of interruption control to alarm brings about:
i) locking of the sending unit in its position, i.e. in the tone-off
condition; if, at the moment of operation of interruption control the
tone-on condition existed on the backward direction (metering
signal), it will be locked in the tone-off condition;
ii) locking of the receiving unit in its position, i.e. in the tone-off
condition.
The other conditions are also in agreement with the specifications
described in Recommendation Q.416, S 2.4.2.1 | ).
b) Circuit in forced release state (transmission of forced release signal
in backward direction)
Transition of interruption control to alarm brings about:
i) locking of the sending unit in its position, i.e. in the tone-on
condition;
ii) locking of the receiving unit in its position, i.e. in the tone-off
condition;
iii) immediate release of the part of the connection beyond faulty circuit
(including the called subscriber's line).
The conditions are similar to the specifications described in
Recommendation Q.416, S 2.4.2.1 | ), "clear-back state".
* 4.3 : Mode of operation of the interruption control at the outgoing end
(transmission in the backward direction interrupted)
a) Circuit in answered state
In this case, transition of the interruption control to alarm does not
cause immediate action. A clear-forward signal sent on the part of the
connection preceding the faulty circuit must be repeated forward to
ensure that, if the forward signalling channel is left intact, the part
beyond the faulty circuit is cleared.
Once the interruption control reverts to normal, the connection is
maintainted provided the caller and the called subscriber are still
holding. On the other hand, by the time the interruption control
reverts to normal, the clear-forward signal may already have been sent
and the situation will be the one described under circuit seized but not
in answered state.
b) Circuit in forced release state (transmission forced release signal in
backward direction)
Transition of interruption control to alarm causes locking of the
receiving unit in its position, i.e. the tone-on condition. The
procedures are similar to those in the position "clear-back state" in the
specifications of the analogue version of the line signalling,
Recommendation Q.416, S 2.4.2.2 b).
Supplement No. 6
LINE SIGNALLING (DIGITAL VERSION) WITH METERING
1. Introduction
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Signalling System R2 line signalling, digital version, is a line signalling
system for use over digital line transmission equipment conforming to
Recommendation G.732.
For many national applications it is desirable that the digital version has
additional line signals available to enable the charging of calls.
This supplement proposes possible solutions to provide for charging of
calls, namely the provision of a meter signal and a forced release signal.
2. Signal codes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The signalling codes are given in the Table 1 below.
H.T. [A/T1]
TABLE 1
__________________________________________________________
Signalling Code
State of the circuit Forward Backward a f
__________________________________________________________
Idle/released 1 0 or 1 or 0
Seized 0 0 or 1 or 0
Seizure acknowledged 0 0 or 1 or 1
Answered/meter 0 0 or 0 or 1
Meter/seizure acknowledged 0 0 or 1 or 1
Clear-forward 1 0 or 0 or 1
or 1 or 1
or 0 or 0
Forced release 0 0 or 0 or 0
Blocked 1 0 or 1 or 1
__________________________________________________________
Table [A/T1], p.
3. Choice of meter codes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Some line signalling systems indicate a meter pulse by a signal identical
to a "pulsed clear-back", signal. In this circumstance for ease of signal
conversion ab = 1, bb = 1, which normally indicates clear-back, may be used to
represent a meter pulse. Other signalling schemes however use a "pulsed
answer" signal to indicate a meter pulse. In this circumstance ab = 0, bb = 1
may be used to represent a meter pulse.
4. Clauses for exchange line signalling equipment
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 4.1 : Normal operating conditions
The following operating conditions apply in addition to those described in
Recommendation Q.422.
4.1.1 Meter: Etering signals are pulse type signals transmitted backwards
during the conversation from the call charging point to the subscriber's
call meter in the originating exchange.
In the case of "pulsed clear-back" meter pulses, a pulse is indicated by a
change from the answer (ab = 0, bb = 1) signal to an ab = 1, bb = 1 signal and
then a change back to ab = 0, bb = 1. To avoid confusion between meter pulses
and clear-back the use of clear-back is not allowed.
In the case of "pulsed answer" meter pulses, a pulse is indicated by a
change of ab = 1, bb = 1 to ab = 0, bb = 1 and back to ab = 1, bb = 1. The
first pulse indicates answer, it may also indicate a meter pulse. A
clear-back signal is not provided.
Meter pulses must be longer than 30 ms to ensure recognition at the
outgoing end.
4.1.2 Forced release: Prior to answer and after a period defined by the
Administration concerned for national traffic and according to
Recommendation Q.118 for international traffic, the charge controlling
exchange transmits the forced release signal to the preceding exchange
and clears forward the succeeding part of the connection. When the
called subscriber clears at the end of a call, the exchange which
controls call charging will receive the clear-back signal from the
called subscriber's end. If the calling subscriber does not clear
within a period defined for national traffic by the Administration
concerned and for international traffic according to Recommendation
Q.118, the charge controlling exchange stops metering, transmits the
forced release signal to the preceding exchange and clears forward the
succeeding part of the connection. A forced release signal is indicated
by a change to ab = 0, bb = 0.
On recognition of forced release in a preceding exchange the connection
is released, the forced release signal repeated to any other preceding
exchanges, and a clear forward signal sent on the link. The succeeding
exchange, on receipt of the clear forward, returns an idle signal and
returns the link to the idle state.
Figure 1 shows line signals for a sequence of meter pulses followed by
forced release in the case of "pulsed clear-back" meter pulses.
* 4.2 : Actions appropriate to various signalling conditions
Tables 2 and 3 indicate the states appropriate to each signalling code
recognized and the actions to be taken at the outgoing and incoming ends
respectively.
Figure 1, p.15
H.T. [A/T2]
TABLE 2
Outgoing end
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Received code
{
a b = 0, b b = 0 = 0, b b = 1 a b = 1, b b = 0 a b = 1, b b = 1
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Idle/released a f = 1, b f = 0 Abnormal, see Note 1 Abmal, see Note 1 Idle Blocked
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Seized a f = 0, b f = 0 Abnormal, see Note 2 Abmal, see Note 2 Seized, see Note 2 Seizure acknowledged
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Seizure acknowledged a f = 0, b f = 0 Forced release swered/ meter Abnormal, see Note 3 Seizure acknowledged
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
{
Answered | ua)/meter | ub)
} a f = 0, b f = 0 Forced release swered/ meter Abnormal, see Note 4 Meter/seizure acknowledged
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
{
Meter | ua)/seizure acknowledged | ub)
} a f = 0, b f = 0 Forced release swered/ meter Abnormal, see Note 4 Meter/seizure acknowledged
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Forced release a f = 0, b f = 0 Forced release, see Note 5 Abmal, see Note 5 Abnormal, see Note 5 Abnormal, see Note 5
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Clear-forward a f = 1, b f = 0 Clear-forward lear-forward Released = Idle Clear-forward
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Blocked a f = 1, b f = 0 Abnormal, see Note 1 Abmal, see Note 1 Idle Blocked
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a) Used for "pulsed clear-back" meter pulses.
b) Used for "pulsed answer" meter pulses.
Note 1 - In these conditions the outgoing end must prevent a new seizure of
the circuit. A delayed alarm should also be given.
Note 2 - Non-recognition of the seizing acknowledgement signal 100-200 ms
after sending the seizing signal on a terrestrial link or 1-2 seconds
after sending the seizing signal on a satellite link results in an
alarm and either congestion information being sent backward or a
repeat attempt being made to set up the call. The outgoing end must
prevent a new seizure of the circuit. When the seizure
acknowledgement signal is recognized after the time-out period has
elapsed, the clear-forward signal must be sent.
Note 3 - Receipt of a b = 1, b b = 0 by the outgoing switching equipment for
1-2 seconds after recognition of the seizing acknowledgement signal
and prior to recognition of the answer signal, results in an alarm
and either congestion information being sent backward or a repeat
attempt being made to set up the call. The outgoing end must prevent
new seizures of the circuit. When b b reverts to 1 after the 1-2
seconds time-out period has elapsed, the clear-forward signal must be
sent.
Note 4 - In the case of recognition of a b = 1, b b = 0 whilst in the answered
state, immediate action is not necessary. On receipt of clearing
from the preceding link, the clear-forward signal (a f = 1, b f = 0)
must not be sent until b b is restored to 1. A delayed alarm should
also be given.
Note 5 - After forced release is recognized, the outgoing switching equipment
must be released and then the idle signal (a f = 1, b f = 0) sent on
the link. The outgoing end must prevent a new seizure on the circuit
until the link returns to the idle state upon reception of a b = 1, b
b = 0. The forced release signal must be sent on the preceding link
(if any).
Tableau [A/T2], p.16
H.T. [A/T3]
TABLE 3
Incoming end
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Received code
{
a f = 0, b f = 0 a f = 0, b f = 1 a f = 1, b f = 0 a f = 1, b f = 1
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Idle/released a b = 1, b b = 0 Seized Fault, see Note 1 Idle Fault, see Note 1
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Seizure acknowledged a b = 1, b b = 1 Seizure acknowledg Fault, see Note 2 Clear-forward Fault, see Note 2
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
{
Answered | ua)/meter | ub)
} a b = 0, b b = 1 Answered/ meter Fault, see Note 3 Clear-forward Fault, see Note 3
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
{
Meter | ua)/seizure acknowledged | ub)
} a b = 1, b b = 1 Meter/seizure acknowled Fault, see Note 3 Clear-forward Fault, see Note 3
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Forced release a b = 0, b b = 0 Forced release Fault, see Note 8 Clear-forward see Note 4 Fault, see Note 8
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Clear-forward {
a
b = 0, b
b = 1
or
a
b = 1, b
b = 1
} Abnormal seized see Note 7 Fault, see Note Clear-forward see Note 7 Fault, see Note 7
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Blocked a b = 1, b b = 1 Abnormal seized see e 5 Fault, see Note 6 Blocked Fault, see Note 6
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a) Used for "pulsed clear-back" meter pulses.
b) Used for "pulsed answer" meter pulses.
Note 1 - When in the idle/released state b f changes to 1, b b must be changed
to 1.
Note 2 - In these cases a timeout device is started which after a certain
interval clears the connection beyond the faulty circuit: this
timing arrangement may be the one specified in Recommendation Q.118,
S 4.3.3. If the answer signal is recognized during the timeout
delay, the timer is stopped but the answer sig- nal is not sent on
the preceding link until recognition of a f = 0, b f = 0. If the
clear-back signal is recognized while the fault persists, the
connection beyond the faulty circuit must be released immediately.
Additionally, when the incoming register has not started to send the
last backward signal, the rapid release procedure described in Note 5
may be used.
Note 3 - In these cases no action is taken until the forced release signal or
the clear-back signal (if the exchange is the call metering control
point) is recognized, at which stage the con- nection beyond the
faulty circuit is immediately released and the forced release signal
sent to the preceding exchange.
Note 4 - After a f = 1, b f = 0 is recognized, the circuit is returned to the
idle state by sending a b = 1, b b = 0.
Note 5 - In this case, immediate action is not necessary. However, rapid
release of the circuit should occur if the incoming end simulates
answer by sending a b = 0, b b = 1.
Note 6 - Under these conditions no action is taken.
Note 7 - After clear-forward signal is recognized and until the code a b = 1,
b b = 0 is sent, all transitions in the forward direction shall be
ignored.
Note 8 - The circuit is kept in the forced release state until a f = 1, b f =
0 is recognized.
Tableau [A/T3], p.17
5. Protection against the effects of faulty transmission
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 5.1 : Introduction
When faulty transmission conditions in PCM systems are detected both PCM
terminals apply the state corresponding to state 1 on the PCM line on each
"receive" signalling channel at the interface with the switching equipment, as
indicated in Table 4 of Recommendation G.732. In this way the incoming
switching equipment receives the equivalent af = 1, bf = 1 on the PCM line and
the outgoing switching equipment receives the equivalent of ab = 1, bb = 1.
* 5.2 : Incoming switching equipment
At the incoming end a PCM fault results in af = 1, bf = 1: so this fault
can be identified and appropriate actions according to Table 3 can be taken.
* 5.3 : Outgoing switching equipment
At the outgoing end a PCM fault results in ab = 1, bb = 1. Two cases are
to be considered:
a) Meter pulses are indicated by ab = 0, bb = 1
A fault results, as it is stated in Table 2, in a blocked state or seizure
acknowledged state. This means that all circuits in the idle state of a
faulty PCM multiplex will be blocked and that seized circuits will go to or
remain in the seizure acknowledged state.
b) Meter pulses are indicated by ab = 1, bb = 1
A PCM fault will result in the recognition of a meter pulse each time a
failure appears. To avoid this recognition, the outgoing switching equipment
must handle the service alarm informa- tion given by the PCM terminal
equipment in a separate way.
When the outgoing switching equipment detects a service alarm information
it must block the detection of signalling transitions to avoid recognition of
erroneous signalling codes caused by the failure.
The reception of a clear-forward signal on the preceding link or the
detection of the calling subscriber's release will cause, after the end of the
PCM failure, the sending of a clear-forward signal on the succeeding part of
the connection.
6. Bothway working
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The additions described in this contribution do not affect the suitability
of the digital version for bothway use.
Supplement No. 7
SEMI-COMPELLED AND NON-COMPELLED MULTIFREQUENCY INTERREGISTER
SIGNALLING FOR NATIONAL SATELLITE APPLICATIONS BASED ON SYSTEM R2
INTERREGISTER SIGNALLING
1. Introduction
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 1.1 : The Semi-Compelled and Non-Compelled Multifrequency Signallings,
herein specified and based on Signalling System R2 (Fully-Compelled
Signalling), make use of a pulse signal sending procedure and are
supposed to increase signalling speed on national satellite
circuits. Their application is restricted to those cases in which
the consequences of increased propagation times over Fully-Compelled
Signalling may bring about insolvable technical problems for the
national network, may make impossible the reten- tion of the
information capabilities and facilities provided by that signalling
or may make rather expensive the operation of circuits.
This may occur in national networks which have a large number of
satellite circuits, e.g. when national satellites are used.
* 1.2 : Parameters related to operation of national networks may be
affected by great increase in satellite propagation time, compared
with the terrestrial value, such as:
o increase in the holding times of the telecommunications network;
o increase post-dialling delay;
o increased amount of equipment to handle the same traffic and
consequently larger space taken up by equipment;
o the maximum capacity of exchanges is reached at lower traffic
values.
The negative effect over those parameters implies a loss in service quality
and an increase in investments made in national networks.
Better performances may be obtained through the Semi-Compelled
Multifrequency Signalling, which speeds up the process of interchange of
signals via satellite.
* 1.3 : In some cases, the characteristics of national networks where the
features of the Signalling System R2 are fully used may require that
the process of interchange of signals via satellite must be still
more accelerated so that delays may be kept within certain limits,
otherwise those characteristics should be changed. Some of the said
characteristics are the following:
o time-out requirements;
o routing plan;
o charging method;
o sending of complete calling subscriber number (total
identification of calling subscriber);
o information about called subscriber condition by means of Group B
signals, instead of simple Address-Complete signal (signal A-6);
o traffic restriction through analysis of calling subscriber
category in destination (Group II signal in acknowledgement to
signal A-3).
Relative to the above-mentioned cases, the choice falls on the
Non-Compelled Multifrequency Signalling which allows a substantial increase in
speed as regards signal interchange.
* 1.4 : Unlike the Fully-Compelled Multifrequency Signalling, the
Semi-Compelled and Non-Compelled Signal lings here described permit that,
within certain particular limitations, the characteristics, facilities and
mode of operation (including network management) already existing in the
national networks which use Signalling System R2 may be maintained, making
possible the operation of satellite circuits with an information interchange
rate similar to that of Signalling System R2 which operates on the terrestrial
links.
2. Line signalling
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The line signalling to be used together with the Non-Compelled
Interregister Signalling must include a Proceed-to-Send signal.
All remaining signals may be used in the original form.
As for digital circuits, line signalling-digital version of Signalling
System R2 may be fully used. The seizing acknowledgement signal in this
application is used as Proceed-to-Send indication.
A pulsed line signalling which presents an excellent performance over
terrestrial or satellite links and can be used with Non-Compelled Signallings
is specified in S 4.
3. Interregister signalling
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 3.1 ; General
The Semi-Compelled and Non-Compelled Multifrequency Signallings here
specified basically show the same characteristics and facilities existing in
the Fully-Compelled Multifrequency Signal- ling used with Signalling System
R2, except, obviously, the way of sending and receiving MF signals.
This Supplement specifies only the characteristics and facilities which
differ from those foreseen in Specifications of Signalling System R2 and the
meanings of some signals which are used in a different way from that system.
* 3.2 : Semi-Compelled Signalling
3.2.1 Introduction
~~~~~
The Semi-Compelled Signalling over satellite links can be usually used in
the end-to-end method, between the signalling equipment of the origin of the
call and the signalling equipment at the incoming end of the satellite link,
as recommended in Specifications of Signalling System R2 except when, for
charging or management reasons, the signalling equipment at the outgoing end
of the satellite link is not released until the complete setting-up of the
call.
The pulsed form of sending backward signals (Groups A and B) is the only
difference that such signalling presents in relation to Specifications of
Signalling System R2.
3.2.2 Pulse duration
~~~~~
As regards backward signals, pulse duration corresponds to 100 _ 20 ms.
3.2.3 Composition of the Groups of Signals I and II (forward) and A and B
~~~~~ (backward) and Meaning of the Signals
The composition of the Groups of Signals and their respective meanings are
thoroughly identical with those foreseen in Signalling System R2, as well as
combinations of frequencies which form the various signals.
3.2.4 Build-up and Time Specifications of a Complete Forward Semi-Compelled
~~~~~ Signalling Cycle
Figure 1 shows in detail the build-up and time sequence of a semi-compelled
signalling cycle.
If the values of T int | and T int | lie within certain limits, they do not
contribute to the total duration of the semi-compelled signalling cycle, as
can be seen from Figure 1. Then, the total duration TS\dCof a complete
semi-compelled signalling cycle is given by the formula:
T SC = T PF + T PB +
|
|
|
T ` R D + T ` O A
fIT dR D + T O A
|
|
|
+ T int | + T S 1
D + T S 1 A + T P or
The subscripts D and A apply respectively to the outgoing and the incoming
registers.
Considering the values established in Recommendation Q.457, S 4.5.2 and
assuming that:
T S
1
D
+
T S
1
A
= T S
1
+ T S
2
and T P =
100 _ 20 ms,
the probable extreme values of the semi-compelled signalling cycle
TS\dCwould be:
620 ms TS\dC 840 ms
3.2.5 Call routing procedures
~~~~~
Whenever technically feasible, the overlap method may be used for call
routing.
The Semi-Compelled Signalling is applied just like thr Fully-Compelled
Signalling (System R2), though there are minor restrictions towards its use on
satellite channels.
3.2.6 Other characteristics of the Semi-Compelled Signalling
~~~~~
As concerns other characteristics related with the signalling
(Multi-frequency Signalling Equipment, Time and Transmission Requirements,
etc.), Specifications of Signalling System R2 are applicable.
* 3.3 : Non-Compelled Signalling
3.3.1 Introduction
~~~~~
The Non-Compelled Signalling over satellite links is used in the
link-by-link method between signalling equipment correspondent to the outgoing
and incoming ends of the satellite link.
The basic differences that such signalling shows in relation to
Specifications of Signalling System R2 are the way of sending signals in both
directions (those forward and backward signals are sent in the form of pulses)
and the non-existence of Group A of Signalling System R2.
3.3.2 Pulse duration and minimum pulse interval
~~~~~
Pulse duration corresponds to 100 _ 20 ms for both forward and backward
signals.
The minimum interval between two consecutive forward pulses is 100 _ 20 ms.
3.3.3 Composition of the Groups of Signals (I, II and B) and Meaning of the
~~~~~ Signals
3.3.3.1 General
The Non-Compelled Signalling is composed of the Groups of Signals I and
II (forward signals) and B (backward signals) correspondent to the same
Groups as those of Signalling System R2.
The Group A of backward signals of Signalling System R2 is unnecessary
by the following reasons:
o The signalling equipment at the incoming end of the satellite link
operates as storage point for information coming from the origin and
operates without sending via satellite the signals A-1, A-2, A-3, A-5,
A-7, A-8, A-11, A-12, A-13 and A-14.
o The meaning of signal A-4 is transferred to Signal B-9 (spare for
national use in the Fully-Compelled Signalling System R2).
o The use of signal A-6 is not required. Signals of Group B can be
used. In case it is necessary to use the meaning of A-6, it can be
allocated to Signal B-10 (spare for national use in the Fully-
Compelled Signalling System R2).
o Signals A-9 and A-10 are spare for national use in the Fully-Compelled
Signalling System R2.
The Groups of Signals I, II and B maintain the same structure (including
the same frequency combinations) as that used in the Fully-Compelled
Signalling System R2, using the same signalling senders and receivers.
Some modifications, exclusions or inclusions in the meaning of some
signals in relation to the Fully-Compelled Signalling System R2 allow
the Non-Compelled Signalling the following facilities:
o Sending of category and number of calling subscriber, through
positioning of Signals I-12 and I-15 respectively before and after the
sending of this complete information. Category information can be
transmitted only through that same procedure. Such a method for
sending the calling subscriber category and number by means of Signals
I-12 and I-15 is carried out in a predetermined sequence between two
successive digits of the transmission of the called subscriber number.
3.3.3.2 Meaning of the signals for national use
Only the signals which have shown some variation in relation to their
usual meanings in the Fully-Compelled Signalling System R2 are presented
next.
3.3.3.2.1 Group I forward signals
I-12 It indicates that only the category or the category and the number
of the calling subscriber will follow.
I-13 a) Test call indicator.
b) Access to test equipment (code 13).
Both a) and b) have the same meanings as those of the Fully-
Compelled Signalling System R2. The meaning "Satellite Link not
Included" was deleted.
3.3.3.2.2 Group B backward signals
B-9 Congestion in the national network (before changeover from Group A
signals to Group B signals in the Fully-Compelled Signalling System
R2) or if time-out in the signalling equipment at the destination
end of the satellite link has occurred.
B-10 Address-complete, charge, set-up speech conditions (only if
destination equipment of the national network cannot send the
usual end-of-selection signals).
3.3.4 Configurations of the signalling network
~~~~~
The Non-Compelled Signalling may be basically used:
a) Between the Signalling Equipment of two Switching Exchanges (Translation
Points coincide with Switching Points).
Signalling equipment of switching exchanges located at both ends of the
satellite links must be able to send and receive Non-Compelled
Signalling, as illustrated in Figure 2.
For that configuration, adequate functional changes are required in the
signalling equipment of those switching exchanges.
b) Between Signalling Translation Equipment separated from the Switching
Exchanges (Translation Points do not coincide with Switching Points).
Signalling Translation Equipment is independent of signalling equipment
of switching exchanges. It may be installed near those exchanges or in
separate places, as illustrated in Figure 3.
For that configuration, there is not any change in any equipment of the
national network, and the introduction of signalling translators may be
carried out just through the simple interconnection with distribution
frames.
Note - A combined solution is also possible.
3.3.5 Call routing procedures
~~~~~
3.3.5.1 Relative to the starting point
There are no restrictions for applying the overlap method when using the
Non-Compelled Signalling.
There are two main kinds of calls:
a) Calls for subscribers from a national (or international) numbering
area different from that of the calling subscriber.
The national (or international) prefix and code are to be dialled.
b) Calls for subscribers from the same numbering area as that of the
calling subscriber.
The national (or international) prefix and code are not to be
dialled, but only the subscriber number.
In both cases a) and b), the starting point at the Signalling
Translation Point at the outgoing end of the satellite link occurs
after reception of the sufficient number of digits to route the
call.
If configuration presented in S 3.3.4 b) (Signalling Translation
Equipment separated from the Switching Exchanges) is adopted, signals
may be sent forward as soon as they are received by the, Signalling
Translation Equipment at the Signalling Translation Point.
3.3.5.2 Relative to the sending sequence of Group I and II forward
signals
The main cases concerning the sending sequence of non-compelled signals
are the following:
a) Calls with complete identification of the calling subscriber number
(i.e. for centralized toll ticketing).
After reception of a sufficient number of digits of the called
subscriber number to route the call, they may be sent en bloc. Then,
there is the sending of category and number of calling subscriber,
which are preceded and followed by signals I-12 and I-15,
respectively. Such signals can also be sent en bloc if it does not
contribute to delay routing procedures. After reception of signal
I-15, the digits of the called subscriber number continue to be sent
so far as they are dialled and available for sending (overlap
method).
A scheme corresponding to national calls is shown in Figure 4.
b) Calls without complete identification of the calling subscriber
number.
After reception of a sufficient number of digits of the called
subscriber number to route the call, they may be sent en bloc. Then,
there is the sending of the calling subscriber category, which is
preceded and followed by Signals I-12 and I-15, respectively. Such
signals can also be sent en bloc . After recep- tion of Signal I-15,
the digits of the called subscriber number continue to be sent so far
as they are dialled and available for sending (overlap method).
The scheme corresponding to that kind of call is identical with that
shown in Figure 4, however, without the signals corresponding to the
calling subscriber number (ID Nj).
Note - As for international calls, the sending sequence begins with the
international prefix, which is followed by the sufficient number of
digits of the international number of the called subscriber to route
the call. The remaining sequence is also similar to that used for
national calls in Items a) and b) above.
When configuration presented in S 3.3.4 b) (Signalling Translation
Equipment separated from the Switching Exchanges) is adopted, signals
may be sent forward as soon as they are received by the Signalling
Translation Equipment at the Signalling Translation Point, although
the relative position for sending the calling subscriber
identification (between two determined digits of called subscriber
number) may be at any fixed point.
If the procedures for sending forward signals are defined for each
different type of call, a check towards reception of forward signals
may be made by the Signalling Equipment at the destination end of the
satellite link by simply counting the signals received. Signals I-12
and I-15 serve as reference points.
3.3.5.3 Relative to the sending of Group B backward signals
A Group B backward signal may be sent at any time during the period for
sending of Group I and II forward signals provided that there is a
condition which must require interruption of the call setting-up
process, such as time-out or congestion at any point of the national or
international network and non-existent national or international code or
non-existent exchange prefix.
* 3.3.6 : Operational procedures of the system
3.3.6.1 Introduction
The Non-Compelled Signalling, based on the Signalling System R2, is
conceived for the purpose of making possible retention of the mode of
operation, facilities and other characteristics of a national network,
which uses the Signalling System R2, after introduction of telephone
satellite communications on a large scale. Modifications necessary for
operation on satellite links must be restricted only to equipment
connected with the involved links so as to avoid any undesirable effect
on the remaining system.
The use of the Non-Compelled Signalling requires modifications only in
the equipment connected with satellite links [S 3.3.4 a)]. Besides, a
solution which will not interfere at all in the existing equipment may
be also adopted [S 3.3.4 b)].
3.3.6.2 Interface procedures at the signalling translation points
Figure 5 shows the most general case concerning setting-up of a call via
satellite by means of the Non-Compelled Signalling in a national network
which operates with the Signalling System R2 and using configuration of
S 3.3.4 a).
The signalling equipment which precedes the Signalling Translation Point
at the outgoing end of the satellite link will operate with the
end-to-end method up to this point, at which the Fully-Compelled
Signalling will be converted into the Non-Compelled Signalling.
The inverse conversion, that is, from the Non-Compelled Signalling to
the Fully-Compelled Signalling, will be performed at the Signalling
Translation Point at the incoming end of the satellite link, from which
signalling will become fully-Compelled using the end-to-end method.
The procedures carried out towards call setting-up by using the
Non-Compelled Signalling are basically the following for national calls:
The Signalling Translation Point at the outgoing end of the satellite
link receives the sufficient number of digits to route the call (ON1 .
. . Ni) and then starts (starting point) the procedures for sending
those digits forward in the form of pulses (it sends the Seizure signal
and receives the Proceed-to-Send signal) and it sends digits from 0 to
Ni. The sending sequence continues through the sending of Signal I-12,
which determines the beginning of transmission of the category (CAT) and
number (ID Nj) of the calling subscriber. Signal I-15 follows after the
sending of the last digit of that subscriber number. Then, the sending
of the digits of the called subscriber number (. . . NK . . .)
succeeds up to the last digit (NL).
The Signalling Translation Point at the outgoing end of the satellite
link starts call routing immediately after receiving the sufficient
number of digits, thus establishing a process of signalling with
subsequent signalling equipment in the end-to-end method up to reception
of Signal A-3 and an End-of-Selection signal (Group B Signal). At that
moment, that last signal is repeated backward in the form of pulse up to
the Signalling Translation Point at the outgo- ing end of the satellite
link. The final signal interchange is car- ried out between that point
and the preceding signalling equipment (A-3, CAT, B) and then the speech
path is set up.
If there is no need to send the calling subscriber number, only the
category is sent forward and Signals I-12 and I-15 are maintainted
before and after the sending of that calling subscriber category, which
is used by the Signalling Translation Point at the destination end in
acknowledgement to Signal A-3 at the end of the call setting-up
procedure.
The signalling process may be interrupted at any time by a Group B
signal, as explained in S 3.3.5.3.
Note - As for international calls, procedures include receiving of
international prefix and international code, but they are similar to
those used for national calls.
If configuration presented in S 3.3.4 b) (Signalling Translation
Equipment separated from the Switching Exchanges) is adopted, signals in
both outgoing and incoming Signalling Translation Equipment at the
Signalling Translation Points may be sent forward as soon as they are
received by Signalling Translation Equipment.
3.3.7 Multifrequency signalling equipment
~~~~~
Recommendations for Signalling System R2 other than for exclusive use in
Fully-Compelled Signalling are applicable to Non-Compelled Signalling. Thus,
the requirements related to transmission and to the sending and receiving
parts of the multifrequency equipment may be applied to that signalling. The
same signal senders and receivers specified for Signalling System R2 may be
used.
The use of such signal senders and receivers avoids the development of new
equipment, and they will operate easily in relation to their sending and
receiving characteristics, taking into consideration that they have been
dimensioned for end-to-end operation, but with Non-Compelled Signalling they
operate link-by-link.
3.3.8 Time requirements
~~~~~
3.3.8.1 General
As Non-Compelled Signalling is performed to operate between two
signalling points inserted in a multi-point signalling network using
Signalling System R2, time requirements should be compatible with the
specifications for this system.
3.3.8.2 Time-out conditions
a) In the signalling equipment at the outgoing end of the satellite
link, the time-out delay between the Seizing signal and the
sending of the first forward interregister signal and between the
sending of each two subsequent forward interregister signals until
the reception of the Group B signal should not be less than 24 s.
b) In the signalling equipment at the incoming end of the satellite
link, the time-out delay between the sending of the Proceed-to-Send
signal and the reception of the first forward interregister signal
and between the reception of each two subsequent forward
interregister signals until the sending of the Group B signal should
not be less than 24 s.
4. Pulsed line signalling
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* 4.1 : Introduction
The line signalling herein presented and foreseen to be used in FDM carrier
circuits is a pulsed, high level, out-of-band signalling which operates
link-by-link. It may also be used on PCM systems (with channel-associated
signalling).
* 4.2 : Description of the signals
4.2.1 Seizure Signal - It is a signal which is sent forward, from the outgoing
~~~~~ junctor, in order to drive the associate incoming junctor to the seizure
condition.
4.2.2 Proceed-to-Send Signal - It is a signal which is sent backward, from the
~~~~~ incoming junctor to the associate outgoing junctor, in order to indicate
that a destination interregister signalling equipment has been already seized
and that interregister signalling may start.
4.2.3 Answer Signal - It is a signal which is sent backward, from the incoming
~~~~~ junctor to the associate outgoing junctor, so as to indicate that the
called subscriber has answered.
4.2.4 Clear Back Signal - It is a signal which is sent back-ward, from the
~~~~~ incoming junctor to the associate outgoing junctor, so as to indicate
that the called subscriber has hung up or that a similar operation has
occurred.
4.2.5 Clear Forward Signal - It is a signal which is sent forward, from the
~~~~~ outgoing junctor to the associate incoming junctor, in order to release
the equipment involved in the connection.
4.2.6 Release Guard Signal - It is a signal which is sent backward, from the
~~~~~ incoming junctor to the associate outgoing junctor, in response to a
Clear Forward signal, so as to indicate that the release of equipment
associated to the incoming junctor has occurred.
4.2.7 Forced Release Signal - It is a signal which substitutes, after
~~~~~ time-out, the Clear Back signal at a charging point. With reception of
Forced Release signal, the speech path is immediately opened.
4.2.8 Multimetering Signal - It is a signal which is sent backward, from the
~~~~~ incoming junctor to the associate outgoing junctor, according to the
cadence corresponding to the charging rate, as from the multimetering charging
point.
4.2.9 Call-Back Signal - It is a signal which is sent for-ward, from the
~~~~~ outgoing junctor to the associate incoming junctor, when an operator
wants to call back the called subscriber (or another operator) after he has
hung up.
4.2.10 Blocking Signal - It is a signal which is sent back-ward, from the
~~~~~~ incoming junctor to the associate outgoing junctor, by means of a
manual or automatic procedure, in order to indicate that the circuit or a
group of circuits is blocked.
Taking into consideration the transmission level, the duration of the
signal and the conventional load in satellite circuits, its use must be
avoided when the number of telephone circuits is large in relation to the
total number of circuits of the route. In this case, when there is blocking,
the line signalling system itself already foresees procedures that can prevent
successive losses of calls, as described in S 4.6.1.
* 4.3 : Characteristics of the signals
4.3.1 Duration of the signals
Line signals show the following durations:
H.T. [B/T1]
TABLE 1
Pulsed Line Signals
Sending Times and Tolerances
_______________________________________________________________________
{
Sending tolerances (ms)
Signal
Forward Backward
_______________________________________________________________________
Seizure 150 _ 30
Proceed-to-send 150 _ 30
Answer or re-answer 150 _ 30
Multimetering 150 _ 30
Call-back 150 _ 30
Clear-forward 600 _120
Clear-back 600 _120
Release guard 600 _120
Forced release 600 _120
Blocking continuous {
-
a)
Short signal:
150 ms
Long signal:
600 ms
}
_______________________________________________________________________
Table [B/T1], p.
4.3.2 Recognition times of the signals
~~~~~
Recognition times of the signals are presented in Table 2 and they take
into account time distortions introduced by transmission equipment and
tolerances of switching equipment which adopts the conventional
electromechanical technology.
H.T. [B/T2]
TABLE 2
Pulsed Line Signals
Recognition Times and Tolerances
_____________________________________________________________________
Signal Nominal recognition time (ms) Receiving tolerances (ms)
_____________________________________________________________________
Short 80 _ 20
Long 375 _ 75
_____________________________________________________________________
Table [B/T2], p.
a) The recognition time of short signals ranges from 80 _ 20 ms to 375 _ 75
ms. Any received signal with duration between 100 ms and 300 ms will be
necessarily recognized as a short signal.
b) The recognition time of long signals corresponds to 375 _ 75 ms. Any
received signal with duration superior to 450 ms will be necessarily
recognized as a long signal.
c) The received signals with duration between 300 ms and 450 ms may be
recognized as long or short signals, depending on the adjustment
characteristics of the equipment.
d) The receiver ignores interruptions up to 20 ms.
4.3.3 Minimum interval between signals
~~~~~
The minimum interval between two consecutive signals must be 240 ms at the
transmission end. Distortion may reduce this interval at the receiving end.
4.3.4 Transmission of signals
~~~~~
The transmission of signals between the switching equipment and the
transmission equipment and vice versa is made by sending a polarity which
corresponds to the battery voltage.
* 4.4 : Transmission characteristics of the line signalling in FDM equipment
4.4.1 Signal sender
~~~~~
The signalling frequency measured at the sending point has a value of 3825
_ 4 Hz.
The send level of the signalling frequency measured at the group
distribution frame or an equivalent point must be -5 _ 1 dBm0.
4.4.2 Signal receiver
~~~~~
The receiver must recognize as valid signals which lie between 3825 _ 6 Hz.
The receiving levels are determined in accordance with the relative levels
of the transmission plans adopted by each Administration.
* 4.5 : Operational procedure of the system
4.5.1 When the circuit is idle, there is no signal on the line. The seizure
~~~~~ of the outgoing junctor causes the forward sending of a short signal
(Seizure signal). This signal causes the seizure of the associate incoming
junctor and the seizure of equipment capable of receiving interregister
signals.
4.5.2 Immediately after the seizure of equipment for interregister signalling
~~~~~ interchange, the incoming junctor sends back a short signal
(Proceed-to-Send signal).
4.5.3 When called subscriber answers, a short signal (Answer signal) is sent
~~~~~ back, thus causing the start of call charging.
4.5.4 When calling subscriber hangs up, a long signal (Clear Forward signal)
~~~~~ is sent forward, thus causing equipment release. After such release, a
Release Guard signal is sent back and the circuit comes back to idle
condition.
4.5.5 If the called subscriber hangs up first, a Clear Back signal will be
~~~~~sent and then, after time-out at a determined point of the network, there
will be the sending of a Clear Forward signal, thus completing the process, as
described in S 4.5.4. If another Answer signal appears during the time
supervision period, timing will be interrupted and the equipment involved will
return to the speech condition. If the calling subscriber hangs up during the
time supervision period, the same procedure as that described in S 4.5.4 will
occur.
After time-out, the Clear Back signal is replaced by the Forced Release
signal between the charging point and the preceding exchange.
Note - When there is coincidence of two signals, the forward signal will
always prevail.
* 4.6 : Behaviour of the system during interruption in transmission
4.6.1 Interruption during the Seizure signal
~~~~~
The Seizure signal does not get to the incoming junctor and therefore there
is not its seizure. After time-out, the outgoing junctor sends the Clear
Forward signal. As the incoming junctor has not been seized, the Release
Guard signal will not be sent. So, time-out in the outgoing junctor occurs
and then a maintenance alarm is activated and another Seizure signal is sent,
being fol- lowed by the Clear Forward signal. Such sequence is repeated at
intervals identical with those of the time supervision period of the junctor.
After the reset up of the transmission system and the next reception in
sequence of the Seizure and Clear Forward signals, the incoming junctor sends
the Release Guard signal, thus releasing the outgoing junctor.
4.6.2 Interruption during the Proceed-to-Send signal
~~~~~
The Proceed-to-Send signal does not get to the outgoing junctor and
therefore interregister signalling does not start. Two cases are possible:
a) After time-out in the signalling equipment at the incoming end of the
link, the specific interregister backward signal is sent back. The
signalling equipment at the incoming end of the link releases and the
outgoing junctor sends forward the Clear Forward signal.
b) After time-out, the signalling equipment at the outgoing end of the
link releases and the outgoing junctor sends forward the Clear Forward
signal.
4.6.3 Interruption during the Answer signal
~~~~~
The Answer signal does not get to the outgoing junctor and the call may be
completed even if charging has not started. After time-out in the origin, the
Clear Forward signal is sent. The incoming junctor sends the Release Guard
signal, thus releasing the outgoing junctor.
4.6.4 Interruption during the Clear Forward signal
~~~~~
The Clear Forward signal does not get to the incoming junctor and therefore
it cannot send the Release Guard signal. After time-out, a maintenance alarm
is activated and the Seizure signal is sent, being followed by the Clear
Forward signal. Such sequence is repeated at intervals identical with those
of the time supervision period of the outgoing junctor until the Release Guard
signal is received.
If there is a short interruption in the transmission system, thus
preventing reception of the Clear Forward signal at the incoming junctor and
in case the called subscriber will hang up during the time supervision period
of the outgoing junctor, the Clear Back signal will be taken as a Release
Guard signal and therefore there will be the release in the origin. However,
the equipment which has not received the Clear Foward signal will remain set
up until it has been requested again and released by another call, which will
not be successful.
4.6.5 Interruption during the Clear Back signal
~~~~~
The Clear Back signal does not get to the outgoing junctor and the release
of the equipment will be dependent on the calling subscriber hang-up.
4.6.6 Interruption during the Release Guard signal
~~~~~
The Release Guard signal does not get to the outgoing junctor and, after
time-out, the procedure used is the same as that esta- blished in S 4.6.4.
4.6.7 Interruption during the Forced Release signal
~~~~~
The Forced Release signal does not get to the outgoing junctor and the
release of the equipment will be dependent on the calling subscriber hang-up.
Figure 1, p.20
Figure 2, p.21
Figure 3, p.22
Figure 4, p.23
Figure 5, p.24
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