* * * THE UBIQUITOUS UART * * *

      There has been much talk on the Fido-Net echo conference
 "HST" about a new UART chip.  A UART chip is the 40 pin chip on your
 serial prort.  UART means Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter.
 This chip converts an 8 bit byte from parallel to serial and from
 serial to parallel. Your computer sends the byte on a PARALLEL 8 bit
 bus to the serial card.  The serial card has to send it SERIALLY to
 the modem.  And at the same time it adds a START BIT and a STOP BIT.
 If you are using a 7 bit format, the UART chip can also add the parity
 bit, which can be even, odd, zero, forced to 0, or forced to 1.  It
 can also add 2 stop bits instead of 1 stop bit.  And in the case of
 certain baud rates, it can add 1.5 stop bits instead of 1 stop bit.

      Well, a problem cropped up with the HST modem.  To gain the
 maximum efficiency of this modem, you have to set your serial port to
 19,200 baud.  Yes, that is 16 times faster than your normal 1200 baud
 modem.  Now most computers, even XT's, can keep up with that. But
 there is a problem caused by some EXPANSION boards like Perstor disk
 controllers, and Network Interface cards (like Ethernet) that hog, or
 tie up, the interrupts, or IRQ's.  If the other board hogs the
 interrupts longer than one character time (1/1920th of a second) then
 the character that is coming in over the serial port is LOST and gone
 forever.  With a 2400 baud modem, you have a 1/240th of a second
 'slack' between characters.  (Remember, 8 bits, plus one start bit,
 plus one stop bit, give you 10 bits (not 8) when talking about modems
 and serial ports.  So you divide bits per second (bps) by 10 to give
 CHARACTERS per second (cps).  So these problems didn't crop up with
 modems up to 2400 baud.  But when running 9600 baud and 19200 baud,
 they did show up.

     What was needed was a way to "hold" those characters until the
 computer could catch up with the serial port.  One way of doing that
 was making an expensive INTELLIGENT serial card.  You could put some
 local memory on there and a small microprocessor like a 6052 or 8088.
 But National Semiconducter went even better! Instead of making the
 whole card smarter and a whole lot more expensive, they put all the
 smarts on the UART CHIP!  The new UART chip, called the 16550, has a
 16 byte FIFO buffer.  FIFO stands for "first-in-first-out".  With this
 buffer, the computer can be busy doing something else for up to 16
 character times, and no characters will be lost.

     The original UART used in XT computers was the 8250.  This was
 kind of slow, but adequate for the 4.77 Mhz bus speed of the XT.  With
 the 8 Mhz bus speed of the AT, a faster chip was needed so they used
 the 16450.  These 2 chips are functionally identical, and are pin
 compatible.  They have 40 pins each. Actually, you will see many AT
 computers with a 8250 UART on their serial port.

      The 16550 will work on any serial port that now has an 8250 or
 16450.  You just replace it.  But you also need some special software
 to activate the buffer.  Otherwise, the 16550 will act like a 16450
 without the buffer.

      There is a program called 16550.EXE which tells the UART to turn
 on the FIFO buffer, and then the UART is just transparant to whatever
 communication program you are using.  I have been told, on a TELIX
 support conference, that Telix 3.11 has 16550 support built in.  I
 don't know if other popular telecom programs such as Procomm+, Qmodem,
 and other have it or not.  If not, just run 16550.EXE before you bring

      If you are running a Fido-Net <tm> compatible bulletin board, you
 won't need the 16550.EXE program if your FOSSIL already knows how to
 handle it.  X00.sys version 1.11b has 16550 support, version 1.10a did
 not.  I am not sure of Opuscomm.  The latest version is supposed to
 support it, but according to some messages that I read in the HST echo
 conference, some sysops had trouble with it and went back to an older
 version of Opuscomm and used 16550.EXE.  As is common, not all things
 work for all people.

      There was a user on a local BBS who was having problems even
 downloading at 2400 baud because he was using Desqview, and running
 several programs simultaneously.  He installed the 16550, and his
 problems went away.  Another local sysop using an HST with
 QBBS/X00/Binkley on his 4.77 Mhz XT couldn't get successfull transfers
 at 19.2K baud.  He didn't even have any of the "problem boards"
 mentioned later in this article.  He installed the 16550, and then was
 able to consistently use 19.2K baud with no problems.  His transfer
 efficiency rose from 96% to 115%.

      You can obtain the new 16550 UART chip from Arrow Electronics.
 ($25.00 plus s/h) Their number is in any phone book. Also from Fry's
 Electronics, 1-415-770-FRYS. ($16.99 + 3.00 s/h)  The exact part
 number is "NS16550AN".  This is the 40-pin DIP (dual in-line package)
 version.  If your serial board has the "surface mount" version, you
 probably won't be able to change it yourself.  If your serial board
 has the UART chip in a socket, just pop it out with a small
 screwdriver and carefully put in the 16550 chip.  If your UART is
 soldered into place, desolder it (Radio Shack has your basic [de-
 ]soldering tools), but solder in a 40-Pin SOCKET first, then put the
 16550 into the socket.

      Here are some situations where you *might* benefit from a 16550
 UART while doing high speed transfers with the serial port:

 1) You have a Perstor controller with an older ROM on it. I have
    read that some rom versions take care of the IRQ hog problem.

 2) Your computer is on any kind of network.  Network interface
    cards are notorious for hogging interrupts. (Tho' not all do.)

 3) Your computer is an AT and you are using EXTENDED memory.  The
    AT has to do a reset and takes a lot of time to switch from
    protected mode to real mode when its done with accessing extended
    memory. (Tho' not all AT's have this problem.)

 4) You are running a multi-tasking software like Desqview or
    DoubleDos and are trying to do communications in the background,
    and lose characters when switching windows, or have too many
    background tasks/windows active at the same time.

 5) You are a Fido-Net <tm> sysop with an HST modem and are getting
    less than 100% efficiency on your mail transfers.  Many factors
    affect this, so a 16550 *may* or *may-not* increase your
    efficiency to over 100%.

 Standard disclaimer goes here.  Your mileage may vary.  Void
 where taxed or prohibited by law.
 Dave Appel, Node 231/30.   Western Union Easylink: 62877725
 FoReM Net Node: 21   GEnie: DAVE.APPEL