__________________________________________________________
The U.S. Department of Energy
Computer Incident Advisory Capability
___ __ __ _ ___
/ | /_\ /
\___ __|__ / \ \___
__________________________________________________________
INFORMATION BULLETIN
Creating/Installing Warning Banners
June 19, 1999 20:00 GMT Number J-043f
______________________________________________________________________________
PROBLEM: A requirement for successfully prosecuting those unauthorized
users who improperly use a government computer is that the
computer must have a warning banner displayed at all access
points. That banner must warn authorized and unauthorized users
1) about what is considered the proper use of the system,
2) that the system is being monitored to detect improper
use and other illicit activity,
3) that there is no expectation of privacy while using
this system.
The technical details for implementing banners is dependent on
the particular operating system and access point.
PLATFORM: Macintosh, Windows NT, Windows 95, 98 Windows 3.11, DOS, and
UNIX systems.
DAMAGE: Failure to have notification might be used as a defense in the
prosecution of a user or intruder for improper use of the
system.
SOLUTION: Make the modifications described here to add banners to all
access points on your system. Where it is not possible to
implement automatic electronic banners, a printed banner should
be attached where it can be read by the user of the system.
______________________________________________________________________________
VULNERABILITY A new requirement from the Department Of Energy is that every
ASSESSMENT: computer system owned by the Department must have a warning
banner on all access points. Every computer will require
changes to its system files to ensure that a banner is
displayed whenever the system is turned on or a user logs on.
______________________________________________________________________________
[Revised 6/22/99 Change one word in banner text. Change JavaScript banner]
[Revised 6/23/99 Update Windows NT, 95, 98, and Web sections]
[Revised 6/25/99 Add more information about TCP Wrappers]
[Revised 7/23/99 Add NT 3.51 banner]
[Revised 7/26/99 Add Mac startup banner]
[Revised 8/4/99 Change WindowsNT to Windows NT in the reg key.]
[Revised 9/29/99 Revise TCP Wrappers and UNIX sections]
Creating/Installing Warning Banners
The Department of Energy is requiring warning banners on all interactive
access points (for example, console login, telnet, ftp, http) and on all
non-interactive access points that provide a human readable response (for
example, finger). The Department prefers that banners are displayed prior to
access to system resources and that the user must acknowledge that compliance
before the user can access those resources. In the event that the system does
not support this pre-login capability, the system should display a warning at
or immediately after login. In the event that electronic banners and warnings
are not supported by a system, printed banners should be used that are clearly
visible to the user as they use the system.
NOTE: This document will change as CIAC determines new methods to add banners
to other access points; check the online version of this bulletin for
additions at http://www.ciac.org.
Warning Banner
==============
The Department of Energy's Office of the General Counsel has approved the
following banner for Federal Government computer systems.
***************************************************************************
NOTICE TO USERS
This is a Federal computer system and is the property of the United
States Government. It is for authorized use only. Users (authorized or
unauthorized) have no explicit or implicit expectation of privacy.
Any or all uses of this system and all files on this system may be
intercepted, monitored, recorded, copied, audited, inspected, and disclosed to
authorized site, Department of Energy, and law enforcement personnel,
as well as authorized officials of other agencies, both domestic and foreign.
By using this system, the user consents to such interception, monitoring,
recording, copying, auditing, inspection, and disclosure at the discretion of
authorized site or Department of Energy personnel.
Unauthorized or improper use of this system may result in administrative
disciplinary action and civil and criminal penalties. By continuing to use
this system you indicate your awareness of and consent to these terms and
conditions of use. LOG OFF IMMEDIATELY if you do not agree to the conditions
stated in this warning.
*****************************************************************************
Warning Banner for Public Servers
==============================================
Public servers such as public web servers and anonymous ftp servers that are
available to the general public must also have a banner. Public servers are
those that allow access by anyone who can connect to the server over a network
through a normal access point without requiring any authentication. The banner
must indicate to the user that they have no expectation of privacy while using
the server and that all access to the server is logged. The banner below is an
example of such a public banner for a public web server. This public banner is
only for the public access points to a server. Nonpublic access points to a
server must still display the Federal Government warning banner above.
***************************************************************************
NOTICE TO USERS
Use of this system constitutes consent to security monitoring and testing.
All activity is logged with your host name and IP address.
*****************************************************************************
Macintosh Startup Banners
=========================
On Macintosh computers, you have two options, to replace the normal startup
screen with a banner or to install the doesecwar startup banner dialog box.
The doesecwar program was provided by Dave Moore of NAWCWD, China Lake. The
program is installed as a system extension and displays a dialog box at startup
showing the DOE warning and two buttons. If you press I Accept, startup continues
normally. If you press I Decline, the system shuts down.
To install doesecwar, download it from the ciac web site, uncompress the file and
drag the doesecwar program to the system folder. A dialog box informs you that this
program belongs in the extensions folder. Click OK and when you reboot your computer
the banner will be displayed at system startup.
Alternately, you can change the normal Macintosh startup banner with a different
banner. The banner is in the form of a bitmap image named StartupScreen and
placed in the System folder.
To create and install a startup warning banner on Macintosh systems, perform
these steps:
1. Create the banner as a picture with a drawing program or download the
sample from the ciac web site.
2. Save the banner with the name StartupScreen and with the type
StartupScreen. Note that the SuperPaint program, among others, can create
startup screens and that the GraphicConverter shareware utility can
convert images created in other picture formats into startup screens.
3. Place a copy in the System folder of each Macintosh computer.
Whenever the computer is booted, the banner is displayed, replacing the
Macintosh OS or Welcome to Macintosh banners. This works on all versions of
the Macintosh operating system through version 8.5.
Windows NT and Windows 95, 98 Login Banners
===========================================
The Windows NT and Windows 95 operating systems allow a login with a username
and password before the system can be used. The following method causes a
dialog box with the warning banner and an OK button to be displayed before the
system displays the login dialog box on Windows 95 or 98 and after pressing
Ctrl-Alt-Del on Windows NT.
To create a login banner on Windows 95, 98, or Windows NT you must add two
keys to the Windows registry. There are two ways to edit the registry. One is
to edit it directly; the second is to create a .reg file containing the
required changes and to execute the file with regedit.
Perform these steps to create a login banner on Windows 95, 98, or Windows NT
(for Windows95 or 98 substitute Windows for Windows NT in the registry keys
below. For Windows NT 3.51, shorten the original banner slightly by changing the
words "United States" in the first line of the banner to "U. S."):
1. Use regedit or regedit32 to edit the Windows registry.
2. To set the login banner caption, create the following key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\
CurrentVersion\Winlogon\LegalNoticeCaption
2.1 Using regedit, scroll down to the Winlogon key.
2.2 With the Winlogon key selected choose the Edit, New, String Value
command.
2.3 Type the name of the new string value as: LegalNoticeCaption and press
Enter.
2.4 With the new string value selected, choose the Edit, Modify command.
2.5 In the dialog box that is displayed, type: NOTICE TO USERS and press
Enter.
3. To set the banner text, create the following key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\
CurrentVersion\Winlogon\LegalNoticeText
3.1 With the Winlogon key selected choose the Edit, New, String Value
command.
3.2 Type the name of the new string value as: LegalNoticeText and press
Enter.
3.3 With the new string value selected, choose the Edit, Modify command.
3.4 In the dialog box that is displayed, type the body of the legal notice
and press Enter. Note that the notice appears as a single paragraph
because you can not type returns in the regedit key editor.
This banner appears as a dialog box just before the system displays the login
dialog box.
After editing the key with RegEdit, you can save the entries as a .reg file (a
copy is available from the CIAC web site). To create the file, select the two
keys you just created and choose the Registry, Export Registry File command,
give the file a name and click Save. Edit this .reg file with a text editor and
remove all the keys but "LegalNoticeCaption" and "LegalNoticeText". You can copy
this .reg file to other machines and simply double clicking it makes the same
edits to the registries of the other machines.
If you have created a Widows NT 4 .reg file, you can convert it to a Windows 95-98
.reg file by editing it with a text editor and changing "Windows NT" in the two
keys to "Windows" and saving the file with a different name. You can also
convert the Windows NT 4 banner to a Windows NT 3.51 banner by shortening the banner
text slightly. Replace the words "United States" in the first line of the banner text
to "U. S." and save the .reg file with a different name.
You can edit these keys with RegEdit, RegEdit32 or the system policy editor
(poledit.exe). A difficulty is your inability to type a return in these editors,
which causes the body of the warning to be a single paragraph. If you are so
inclined, you can edit the key with RegEdit32 in binary mode and insert a
0D wherever you want a return to appear. The easiest way to do this is to edit
the key in text mode and insert a ~ (7E Hex.) wherever you want a new paragraph
to start (use ~~ to create a new paragraph and space it down one line). Open the
key again in binary mode and replace each 7E with 0D (Return). A difficulty
with a key created in this way is that it cannot be saved in a .reg file and
copied from machine to machine. You must edit each machine's registry separately
with RegEdit32.
The hex version of the "LegalNoticeText" key is available on the CIAC server.
This hex mode key contains two Returns at the end of each paragraph and can be
copied and pasted into the RegEdit32 binary editor window.
Also available for Windows NT is the regini.exe program in the Windows NT
Resource Kit. This program edits registry entries from a file and allows the
insertion of Returns in the file and in the key.
Note: Don't forget to have different .reg files for Windows 95, 98, Windows NT 3.51,
and Windows NT 4. This is related to the substitution of Windows for Windows NT in
the editing instructions above and for a slightly shortened banner for Windows NT 3.51.
DOS and Windows 3.11 Startup Banners
====================================
In DOS and versions of Windows up to Windows 3.11 you can create a startup
banner by editing the Autoexec.bat file.
To create the DOS/Windows startup banner, perform these steps:
1. Open the autoexec.bat file in a text editor.
2. At the end of the file, just before the win command if it exists, type the
text of the banner with each line of banner text preceded with an echo
command.
cls
@echo off
echo
echo NOTICE TO USERS
echo
echo This is a Federal computer system and is the property of the
echo United States Government. It is for authorized use only. Users
echo (authorized or unauthorized) have no explicit or implicit expectation
echo of privacy.
echo
echo Any or all uses of this system and all files on this system may be
echo intercepted, monitored, recorded, copied, audited, inspected, and
echo disclosed to authorized site, Department of Energy, and law
echo enforcement personnel, as well as authorized officials of other
echo agencies, both domestic and foreign. By using this system, the user
echo consents to such interception, monitoring, recording, copying,
echo auditing, inspection, and disclosure at the discretion of authorized
echo site or Department of Energy personnel.
echo
echo Unauthorized or improper use of this system may result in
..echo administrative disciplinary action and civil and criminal penalties.
echo By continuing to use this system you indicate your awareness of and
echo consent to these terms and conditions of use. LOG OFF IMMEDIATELY if
echo you do not agree to the conditions stated in this warning.
pause
This message is displayed until you press any key.
You can get fancier by using line draw characters and colors (assuming
ansi.sys is loaded in the config.sys file).
UNIX Login Banners
==================
The banners for UNIX machines depend on the particular vendor and service. For
many recent systems (Sun, Linux), creating the file /etc/issue containing the
banner text causes the banner text to be displayed before the console login
and before all interactive logins such as telnet, rsh, and rlogin. Linux
systems use two such files, /etc/issue for console logins and /etc/issue.net
for telnet logins so be sure to place the banner text in both.
For other systems and for services that do not respond to the /etc/issue file,
put the banner text in the file /etc/motd. The contents of this file are
displayed by the global /etc/.login and the /etc/profile files, depending on
which shell you start (sh or csh), immediately after a successful login.
Displaying the /etc/motd file immediately after login is also an option for
the Secure Shell daemon (sshd) and is set in the /usr/local/etc/sshd_config
file.
Some versions of the FTP service have been modified to display, after login,
the contents of the file .login_message found in the root directory of the FTP
tree or in the users home directory. You will have to try this to see if it
works. If it does not work, you must put a file named NOTICE_TO_USERS
containing the warning text into the root directory of the anonymous ftp tree
and the file or a link to the file into each user's home directory.
For machines that do not use these methods for displaying banners, consult the
man pages for each service to see if there is a banner mechanism available.
NOTE: An important thing to note here is that if you remove a service from a
UNIX machine, your machine will be more secure and you will not have to worry
about placing a banner on that service. If you have open services that you do
not need simply remove them.
Web Pages
=========
For web pages you have two options. One is to replace your default home page
with a page that contains only the warning notice and a button to take you to
your real home page. The second is to add a JavaScript program to your home
page that is executed whenever the page is loaded. No matter which initial
banner you use, each page should contain a button in the header or footer
labeled "Notice To Users" that takes the user to a page that displays the
banner or that runs the JavaScript banner.
HTML Banner
-----------
The following web page implements the DOE banner in a box with the title
centered at the top. Below the banner is a link to the sites normal home page.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<META NAME="GENERATOR" Content="Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0">
<TITLE>Notice To Users</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<CENTER>
<TABLE BORDER=1 CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH=80%>
<TR><TD VALIGN="center">
<CENTER>
<H2>NOTICE TO USERS</H2>
</CENTER>
<FONT size=2>
<P>This is a Federal computer system and is the property of the
United
States Government. It is for authorized use only. <B>Users (authorized or
unauthorized) have no explicit or implicit expectation of privacy.</B>
<P>Any or all uses of this system and all files on this system may be
intercepted, monitored, recorded, copied, audited, inspected, and disclosed to
authorized site, Department of Energy, and law enforcement personnel,
as well as authorized officials of other agencies, both domestic and foreign.
<B>By using this system, the user consents to such interception, monitoring,
recording, copying, auditing, inspection, and disclosure at the discretion of
authorized site or Department of Energy personnel.</B>
<P><B>Unauthorized or improper use of this system may result in administrative
disciplinary action and civil and criminal penalties. <U>By continuing to use
this system you indicate your awareness of and consent to these terms and
conditions of use. LOG OFF IMMEDIATELY if you do not agree to the conditions
stated in this warning.</U></B>
</FONT>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<A HREF="myhomepage.html">To Home Page</A>
</CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML>
The following link should be added to the header or footer of each web page to
display the banner above. This link has the title "Notice To Users" and opens
the banner in a new window named "Notice To Users". If you want it to open in
the same window, remove the TARGET attribute. Here we assume that the banner
web page above is in a file named banner.htm in the root directory of the web.
<A HREF="/banner.htm" TARGET="Notice To Users">Notice To Users</A><br>
JavaScript Banner
-----------------
The following JavaScript program is run whenever the page containing it is
loaded and displays the banner in a dialog box with an OK button. To add it to
a web page, copy everything between the two SCRIPT tags, including the tags,
into the HEAD of the web page. To make it run whenever the page is loaded, add
the onLoad="do_banner()" attribute to the BODY tag. Note that if the users
have JavaScript turned off for their browser, this JavaScript banner will not
be displayed.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Home Page</TITLE>
<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript">
function do_banner() {
var msg = "<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>NOTICE TO USERS</TITLE></HEAD>\n"+
"<BODY BGCOLOR=white><FONT FACE='Times' SIZE=2>\n"+
"<CENTER>NOTICE TO USERS</CENTER>\n"+
"<P>This is a Federal computer system and is the property of the\n "+
"United States Government. It is for authorized use only. <B>Users\n "+
"(authorized or unauthorized) have no explicit or implicit expectation\n "+
"of privacy. </B>\n "+
"<P>Any or all uses of this system and all files on this system may be\n "+
"intercepted, monitored, recorded, copied, audited, inspected, and\n "+
"disclosed to authorized site, Department of Energy, and law enforcement\n "+
"personnel, as well as authorized officials of other agencies, both\n "+ >
"domestic and foreign. <B>By using this system, the user consents to such\n "+
"interception, monitoring, recording, copying, auditing, inspection, \n "+
"and disclosure at the discretion of authorized site or Department\n "+
"of Energy personnel.</B>\n "+
"<P><B>Unauthorized or improper use of this system may result in\n "+
"administrative disciplinary action and civil and criminal penalties.\n "+
"<U>By continuing to use this system you indicate your awareness of and\n "+
"consent to these terms and conditions of use. LOG OFF IMMEDIATELY\n "+
"if you do not agree to the conditions stated in this warning.</U></B>\n "+
"<CENTER>\n"+
"<FORM>\n"+
"<INPUT TYPE=button VALUE='OK' onClick=window.close()>\n"+
"</FORM>\n"+
"</CENTER>"+
"</FONT></BODY></HTML>";
win1 = window.open("", "messageWindow", "toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,width=600,height=500")
win1.document.write(msg)
}
</SCRIPT>
</HEAD>
<BR>
<!--The following line starts the body of the web page and runs the JavaScript
banner program whenever the page is loaded. -->
<BODY onLoad="do_banner()">
.
. <!---body of the home page--->
.
</BODY>
</HTML>
The following two lines show two ways to add a link to a JavaScript banner
program from within a web page. The first adds a button to the page with the
text "Notice To Users" on it and runs the JavaScript banner program whenever
the button is clicked. The second creates a link with the text "Notice To
Users" that runs the JavaScript banner program whenever the link is clicked.
In both cases, the JavaScript banner program must also be present on the web
page.
<INPUT type=Button VALUE="Notice To Users" onClick="do_banner()">
<A onClick="do_banner()">Notice To Users</A>
Adding Warning Banners With TCP Wrappers
========================================
Unix users can apply banners to services such as ftp, telnet, etc. using the
TCPwrappers program. TCP Wrappers is a program for controlling who can connect
to the different services on your computer. In addition to controlling access to
your computer, the TCP Wrappers program has the capability to send a
banner to the connecting client whenever a connection to a service is
requested. Care must be taken as to which services banners are added to, as
many protocols are not meant to be read by humans and do not support text
banners. Note also that this works only for those services that are controlled
by TCPWrappers.
The TCP Wrappers program must first be downloaded and installed on your system.
The source code for tcp wrappers is avilable from:
ftp://ftp.cert.org/pub/tools/tcp_wrappers/
To add banners to your TCPwrappers program you have to recompile it with
the -DPROCESS_OPTIONS flag. The flag, which is a language extension, is NOT on
by default. In the hosts.allow file, add the text, ": banners /banner/path"
after the list of clients that you want the banner to be displayed to.
The string, /banner/path is the path to a directory that contains the banner
files. The banner files have the same names as the daemons they will apply to.
That is, the banner for the in.ftpd daemon is in a file named in.ftpd.
It is possible to have a different banner for each rule in hosts.allow should
you so desire.
The make file below is available with the TCPWrappers distribution to make the
banner files for each of the services from a prototype banner. Simply place the
banner text in a file named prototype and run the make file to produce banner files
appropriate for each service.
See the Banners.Makefile file, shown below and in the TCPWrappers directory for
complete instructions on how to setup and use banners with TCPWrappers.
There is also a Linux Gazette article available that describes how to install
TCP Wrappers and add banners.
http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue15/tcpd.html
# @(#) Banners.Makefile 1.2 94/12/30 21:35:44
#
# Install this file as the Makefile in your directory with banner files.
# It will convert a prototype banner text to a form that is suitable for
# the ftp, telnet, rlogin, and other services.
#
# You'll have to comment out the IN definition below if your daemon
# names don't start with `in.'.
#
# The prototype text should live in the banners directory, as a file with
# the name "prototype". In the prototype text you can use %<character>
# sequences as described in the hosts_access.5 manual page (`nroff -man'
# format). The sequences will be expanded while the banner message is
# sent to the client. For example:
#
# Hello %u@%h, what brings you here?
#
# Expands to: Hello username@hostname, what brings you here? Note: the
# use of %u forces a client username lookup.
#
# In order to use banners, build the tcp wrapper with -DPROCESS_OPTIONS
# and use hosts.allow rules like this:
#
# daemons ... : clients ... : banners /some/directory ...
#
# Of course, nothing prevents you from using multiple banner directories.
# For example, one banner directory for clients that are granted service,
# one banner directory for rejected clients, and one banner directory for
# clients with a hostname problem.
#
SHELL = /bin/sh
IN = in.
BANNERS = $(IN)telnetd $(IN)ftpd $(IN)rlogind # $(IN)fingerd $(IN)rshd
all: $(BANNERS)
$(IN)telnetd: prototype
cp prototype $@
chmod 644 $@
$(IN)ftpd: prototype
sed 's/^/220-/' prototype > $@
chmod 644 $@
$(IN)rlogind: prototype nul
( ./nul ; cat prototype ) > $@
chmod 644 $@
# Other services: banners may interfere with normal operation
# so they should probably be used only when refusing service.
$(IN)fingerd: prototype
cp prototype $@
chmod 644 $@
$(IN)rshd: prototype nul
( ./nul ; cat prototype ) > $@
chmod 644 $@
# In case no /dev/zero available, let's hope they have at least
# a C compiler of some sort.
nul:
echo 'main() { write(1,"",1); return(0); }' >nul.c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -s -o nul nul.c
rm -f nul.c
#
______________________________________________________________________________
CIAC wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Connie Soto and John Dias of
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for the TCPwrappers information
contained in this bulletin.
______________________________________________________________________________
For additional information or assistance, please contact CIAC:
CIAC, the Computer Incident Advisory Capability, is the computer
security incident response team for the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) and the emergency backup response team for the National
Institutes of Health (NIH). CIAC is located at the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory in Livermore, California. CIAC is also a founding
member of FIRST, the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams, a
global organization established to foster cooperation and coordination
among computer security teams worldwide.
CIAC services are available to DOE, DOE contractors, and the NIH. CIAC
can be contacted at:
Voice: +1 925-422-8193
FAX: +1 925-423-8002
STU-III: +1 925-423-2604
E-mail: ciac@llnl.gov
For emergencies and off-hour assistance, DOE, DOE contractor sites,
and the NIH may contact CIAC 24-hours a day. During off hours (5PM -
8AM PST), use one of the following methods to contact CIAC:
1. Call the CIAC voice number 925-422-8193 and leave a message, or
2. Call 888-449-8369 to send a Sky Page to the CIAC duty person or
3. Send e-mail to 4498369@skytel.com, or
4. Call 800-201-9288 for the CIAC Project Leader.
Previous CIAC notices, anti-virus software, and other information are
available from the CIAC Computer Security Archive.
World Wide Web: http://www.ciac.org/
(or http://ciac.llnl.gov)
Anonymous FTP: ftp.ciac.org
(or ciac.llnl.gov)
Modem access: +1 (925) 423-4753 (28.8K baud)
+1 (925) 423-3331 (28.8K baud)
CIAC has several self-subscribing mailing lists for electronic
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1. CIAC-BULLETIN for Advisories, highest priority - time critical
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You will receive an acknowledgment email immediately with a confirmation
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constituencies can be obtained via WWW at http://www.first.org/.
This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an
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Government nor the University of California nor any of their
employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any
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