__________________________________________________________
The U.S. Department of Energy
Computer Incident Advisory Center
___ __ __ _ ___
/ | /_\ /
\___ __|__ / \ \___
__________________________________________________________
INFORMATION BULLETIN
SSH Secure Shell Remote Root Exploit Vulnerability
[SSH Secure Shell 3.0.0 Security Advisory]
July 23, 2001 21:00 GMT Number L-121
______________________________________________________________________________
PROBLEM: A potential remote root exploit has been discovered in SSH
Secure Shell 3.0.0 for Unix.
NOTE: Older versions of SSH may be vulnerable to this exploit
as well.
PLATFORM: - Red Hat Linux 6.1 thru 7.1
- Solaris 2.6 thru 2.8
- HP-UX 10.20
- HP-UX 11.00
- Caldera Linux 2.4
- Suse Linux 6.4 thru 7.0
Please note that other platforms not listed here may also be
vulnerable.
DAMAGE: If the field containing the encrypted password is two or fewer
characters, a problem during password authentication could
allow account access with any password, including the null
password.
SOLUTION: Follow the suggestions outlined below.
______________________________________________________________________________
VULNERABILITY The risk is HIGH. Unauthorized users could potentially log into
ASSESSMENT: vulnerable accounts using any password including the null
password.
______________________________________________________________________________
LINKS:
CIAC BULLETIN: http://www.ciac.org/ciac/bulletins/l-121.shtml
ORIGINAL BULLETIN: http://www.ssh.com/products/ssh/exploit.cfm
______________________________________________________________________________
[***** Start SSH Secure Shell 3.0.0 Security Advisory *****]
A potential remote root exploit has been discovered
in SSH Secure Shell 3.0.0, for Unix only, concerning
accounts with password fields consisting of two or
fewer characters. Unauthorized users could potentially
log in to these accounts using any password, including
an empty password. This affects SSH Secure Shell 3.0.0
for Unix only. This is a problem with password
authentication to the sshd2 daemon. The SSH Secure
Shell client binaries (located by default in
/usr/local/bin) are not affected.
SSH Secure Shell 3.0.1 fixes this problem.
Please note that if using a form of authentication
other than password, AND password authentication
is disabled, you are NOT VULNERABLE to this issue.
PLATFORMS IMPACTED:
Red Hat Linux 6.1 thru 7.1
Solaris 2.6 thru 2.8
HP-UX 10.20
HP-UX 11.00
Caldera Linux 2.4
Suse Linux 6.4 thru 7.0
Please note that other platforms not listed here
may also be vulnerable.
PLATFORMS NOT IMPACTED:
Tru64 4.0.G, NetBSD, and OpenBSD are not vulnerable.
Please note that other platforms not listed here
may also be immune.
SCOPE
Some stock machines which have default locked accounts
running SSH Secure Shell 3.0 are vulnerable to
arbitrary logins. This is a serious problem with
Solaris, for example, which uses the sequence "NP" to
indicate locked administrative accounts such as "lp",
"adm", "bin" etc. Some Linux machines which have
accounts with !! in the etc/passwd or /etc/shadow such
as xfs or gdm are also vulnerable. Since it is relatively
easy to become root after gaining access to certain
accounts, we consider this a potential root exploit.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
During password authentication, if the field containing
the encrypted password in /etc/shadow, /etc/password,
etc. is two or less characters long, SSH 3.0.0 will
allow anyone to access that account with ANY password.
The bug is in the code that compares the result of calling
crypt(pw, salt) with the value of the encrypted password
in the /etc/shadow (or /etc/password) file. SSH Secure Shell
Server 3.0.0 does a bounded string compare bounded to the
length of the value stored in aforementioned file (2
characters in this case) against the return value of
crypt(). The return value of crypt() is 13 characters,
with the first two characters being the salt value itself.
The salt value used is the first two characters of the
encrypted password in /etc/shadow (or /etc/password). A
2 character string comparison between the 2 character
encrypted password in /etc/shadow, and the 13 character
crypt() return value, whose first two characters ARE the
2 characters from the password in /etc/shadow. The strings
match, and the 3.0.0 daemon then accepts the password, no
matter what is input.
SOLUTIONS
Preferred
Immediately upgrade to SSH Secure Shell 3.0.1
which will be available on our e-commerce site
http://commerce.ssh.com shortly, and is available
on the ftp site now - ftp://ftp.ssh.com/pub/ssh
A patch for 3.0.0 source code is also available there.
Alternative work-arounds
Disable password authentication to the SSH Secure Shell
daemon (sshd2) in the /etc/ssh2/sshd2_config and use
another form of authentication such as public key,
SecurID, Kerberos, certificates, Smart Cards, or
hostbased to authenticate your users. These alternative
authentication methods are NOT VULNERABLE. Please see
our SSH Secure Shell support web pages for more
information on how to enable these authentication methods.
OR
If you cannot disable password authentication fully,
limit access to the sshd2 daemon to allow only users
with entries in the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow which
exceed two characters. This can be done using the
AllowUsers, AllowGroups, DenyUsers, and DenyGroups
keywords in the /etc/ssh2/sshd2_config file. See
our SSH Secure Shell support web pages
http://www.ssh.com/support/ssh and man sshd2_config
for more information.
OR
Assign a valid password for each account. Because
it is possible that assigning a password to some
system accounts could cause problems on some operating
systems, this work-around is limited and is provided
only as a last-resort alternative.
OR
Use the following patch in the source code:
"""
File /lib/sshsession/sshunixuser.c
Function ssh_user_validate_local_password
Location near line 953, before
/*Authentication is accepted if the encrypted
passwords are identical. */
Add lines
if (strlen(correct_passwd) < 13)
return FALSE;
""
We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause.
SSH Communications Security takes security issues very
seriously, and a CERT advisory and submission to Bugtraq
regarding this issue have been submitted. Please make
every effort to ensure that your systems are protected
using one of the above methods as quickly as possible.
As this information becomes widely known, your systems could
be at even greater risk if appropriate measures are not taken.
SSH is fully committed to serving and supporting our users
and products. While we may not be able to address each request
for information on this issue individually, we will
make publicly available any relevant information possible
which addresses your questions and concerns.
CREDITS
This vulnerability was found and reported by an
anonymous system administrator at the Helsinki University
of Technology and by Andrew Newman of Yale University.
[***** End SSH Secure Shell 3.0.0 Security Advisory *****]
_______________________________________________________________________________
CIAC wishes to acknowledge the contributions of SSH Communications Security for the
information contained in this bulletin.
_______________________________________________________________________________
CIAC, the Computer Incident Advisory Center, is the computer
security incident response team for the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) and the emergency backup response team for the National
Institutes of Health (NIH). CIAC is located at the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory in Livermore, California. CIAC is also a founding
member of FIRST, the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams, a
global organization established to foster cooperation and coordination
among computer security teams worldwide.
CIAC services are available to DOE, DOE contractors, and the NIH. CIAC
can be contacted at:
Voice: +1 925-422-8193 (7x24)
FAX: +1 925-423-8002
STU-III: +1 925-423-2604
E-mail: ciac@ciac.org
Previous CIAC notices, anti-virus software, and other information are
available from the CIAC Computer Security Archive.
World Wide Web: http://www.ciac.org/
Anonymous FTP: ftp.ciac.org
PLEASE NOTE: Many users outside of the DOE, ESnet, and NIH computing
communities receive CIAC bulletins. If you are not part of these
communities, please contact your agency's response team to report
incidents. Your agency's team will coordinate with CIAC. The Forum of
Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) is a world-wide
organization. A list of FIRST member organizations and their
constituencies can be obtained via WWW at http://www.first.org/.
This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an
agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor the University of California nor any of their
employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any
legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial products,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation or favoring by the United States Government or the
University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed
herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for
advertising or product endorsement purposes.
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