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Developed by Analytical Evaluation Branch, FSAC
Revision 1.1 21 Mar 1989
Author: Dennis G. Rears
EMail Address: <drears>
Phone: 2683
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INTRODUCTION
This is a 4 hour course that will cover the basic functions of
your workplace automation account. The topics we will cover
include:
o Logging In
o Help Numbers
o Overview of UNIX
o File System & working with files
o Wild Characters
o Pipes
o Indirection
o Standard Commands
o Picatinny Commands
We will not cover Email or text editing. These are covered in
different courses.
Important Terms
o Terminal - A video display screen with keyboard. A
terminal will only work when connected with a remote device.
o Personal Computer - A small self contained computer. Most
PCs have programs that allow it to act as a terminal for
communications
o Host - A minicomputer or mainframe computer. The name of
the host is typically in the prompt (i.e. cor1> ).
o Workplace Automation Account - commonly called an "email"
account. An account on a computer host.
o GANDALF - a device that connects a terminal to the SYTEK
network.
o SYTEK - A network that connects GANDALFS, terminals, or PCs
to Workplace Automation Hosts and other Picatinny Computers.
o PICAnet - A network that allows host to host
communications. EMAIL is transported across the PICAnet.
o UNIX - The operating system in use on ARDEC workplace
automation machines.
Logging In
PC`s - Regardless of PC type (WYSE, Apple, or
Zenith) a communication program must be called.
This program can be xtalk, kermit, versaterm, or
others. Once this is done you can connect with the
Sytek network.
GANDALF - Turn the box on and connect to class 100.
SYTEK - Call the proper location for you host.
Zenith with NAC - Issue the command sycall uaXXXX
where XXXX is the location of the host.
LOGIN: At the login prompt type in your login
name in lower case letters. When the passwd
prompt comes up, type in your password.
SYTEK Locations
o c280 - cc1
o c400 - cor1
o c440 - cor2
o c480 - cor3
o c580 - qa1
o c800 - ac4
o ca00 - aed
Help
o FSAC, BATD
o 2474
o email <wal>
o CCAC
o 3668
o email <wac>
o PAD
o 2316, 5640 (email works better>
o email <help>
o All Others
o UNIX (8649)
o email <wad>
o Help email addresses
o action - system administrators
o msdos - PC help
o forum - computer help
o sun - sun computers
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Introduction
When you are finally logged into your account you are given a
system or UNIX prompt. This can be changed by you at a later time.
The standard prompt is:
o machine>
where machine is the host that you are logged onto. At this
point you can type any UNIX command.
If you are logging in for the first time you might have to
choose a passwd. The password should contain at least six
characters and at least one non-alpha character.
You should change your password frequently. To change your
password, type "passwd". The passwd command will ask you for
your old password and then for your new password. It will then
ask you to verify your password. Never tell anyone what your
password is, not even your system administrator. If you suspect
your password or account has been comprimised contact your
system administrator ASAP.
Typing Mistakes
Most people make a lot of typing mistakes. UNIX allows you
to fix them in three differt ways.
Backspace - This is typically the "Backspace Key". This
will correct your last character. Control H (^H) also acts
as a backspace character.
Word Erase - This character is the Control W (^W). This
will erase the word you typed. The definition of a word
includes puncutation.
Kill Line - This character is the Control U (^U). On some
systems it is the "@" character. This will erase the whole
line.
Job Interruptions
UNIX allows you to temporarily stop execution of a
program or to kill it completely.
o Control S (^S) - Will stop input/output of
characters. Anything typed after these keys are hit
are saved and will go to the computer when resumed.
o Control Q (^Q) - Will resume input/output.
These will work on any terminal but might not work with
Personal Computers.
o Control C (^C) - Will kill most programs. Some
programs (msg, vi, gemacs) will not allow themselves to be
killed.
Logging Off
Always log off when you are done. Never leave the
terminal when you have an open login session. There are many
ways in which to log off:
o Control D (^D) - On most systems this will log
you off the system. On some it will not.
o exit
o logoff
Man Pages
UNIX has help pages for you. They can be accessed
through the man command. This command will print out
topics of the UNIX manual. All information is divided into
several sections:
o Commands
o System Calls (Programmers)
o Library Calls (Programmers)
o Special Files (Sys admins)
o File Formats
o Games
o Maintenance Commands
Use the man command like:
man section topic
where section refers to a number between 1 to 8, and topic
is a name. Example:
man cat
will display to your terminal the man pages for the cat
command.
man 2 exec
will display the "exec" topic of section 2 (System
Calls) of the manual.
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UNIX & Files
UNIX deals a lot with working with files. This includes
creating, changing, deleting, and changing the status of
different files. There are many different types of files
that UNIX has they include:
o directories - A directory is a file that contains
other files. Every Ordinary file must be associated
with a directory.
o ordinary file - A "normal" file. Examples
include mailbox, data, vi, and program files.
o special file - A special file is connected to
a physical device like a printer, disk drive, or
terminal. All special files normally reside in
/dev/.
Basic File Commands
There are some basic file commands. They include:
o ls
ls -a
ls dir1
The command ls will list all the files in you
present working directory. The "ls -a" will list
all files in your pwd including hidden files
beginning with ".". The "ls dir1" will list all
files in the directory dir1.
o cat file1 file2 file3 ...
The cat command will display to the terminal the
contents of each file listed.
o mv file1 file2 or
mv file1 file2 ... dir1
The mv command will rename a file. The first
example renames file1 to file2. The second
command will put file1 & file2 into a directory
called dir1.
o cp file1 file2
file1 dir1
The cp command will copy file1 to file2. In the
second example it will copy file1 to a directory
dir1 and give it the name of file1.
Basic File Commands
As stated before UNIX has a tree like directory structure.
A example of a stucture is this:
/
.
-------------------------------------------------
bin/ dev/ /u1 /usr filea fileb /tmp
------- ------ ---- --------- ----
files files files bin/ filea
----
files
The pwd command will tell you what directory your are in.
Enter pwd at the UNIX prompt.
Changing Directories
o cd - will change your directory to your "home"
directory.
o cd / - will put you into the root directory of
the system.
o cd dirname - will cd to dirname.
o cd .. - will bring you up a level.
If you are in the directory /u1/guest/pyram01 what will
happen when you:
o cd
o cd ../pyram03
o cd /dev
o cd
ls Command
o ls -1
is the long option which will give you:
-rw-r--r-- 1 drears 322 Apr 27 09:17 3.5
o -|---|---|---
T O G W
o T indicates the type of file. There are
five types:
o d - directory
o - - ordinary file
o c - character special file
o b - block special file
o l - symbolic link
o O - indicates Owner Permissions
o G - indicates Group Permissions
o W - indicates World Permissions
o rwx
o read permission
o write permission
o execute permission
you need read & execute permission to
read a file in a directory and then only if
you have read permission of the file.
Files & Directories
If you change the name of a file you are actually
changing as directory entry, not the file itself. You can
change permissions of file by using the chmod command.
chmod XXX file1 file2 ...
This will change the permissions of file1 and file2 to
XXX. The first X refers to the Owner, the second Group, and
the third the world.
1 Execute
2 Write
4 Read
-
Examples:
chmod 700 file - The owner has read, write, execute
permission, No one else has anything.
chmod 740 - The owner has all, group has read, world has none.
chmod 551 - The owner has read/execute, group has read/execute,
world has execute.
chmod 007 - people who do not own the file or are in not
in the group have all permissions, owner & group can't do
anything.
Making & Deleting Files/Directories
o mkdir dir1 dir2 ....
will make those directories.
o rmdir dir1 dir2 ..
will remove those directories provided they are
empty.
o rm file1 file2
will remove file1 & file2.
o rm -i file1 file2
will remove the files but ask for conformation for
each one.
o rm -f file1 file
will remove file without question if permissions
are right.
o rm -r file1 dir1
will remove file1 and dir1 and all contents of dir1.
Special (meta) Characters
o ? - will match any character. rm a??? will remove any
file beginning with "a" and containing 4 characters.
o [] - will match any character in the brackets. rm [qwe]
will delete any file that that has a name of q w or e.
o * - matches any string in the filename:
rm * removes all files in the directory.
rm q* removes all files beginning with q.
rm a*t removes all files beginning with a
and ending with t.
o What will these do:
o ls [1-4]*
o ls a?*ty[2]
o rm t*
o rm t *
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The Shell
o The Shell is the UNIX command interpeter. It is
also called the Bourne Shell, shell, sh, or UNIX
prompt. The shell communicates your commands
directly to the computer. It actually runs the
commands that you request.
stdin, stdout, stderr
o The Shell has three "files" open at all time.
They include:
o stdin - Standard Input, this is where all
input for commands come from. This is
normally the keyboard.
o stdout - Standard Output. This is where
all output goes. This is normally the
terminal.
o stderr - Standard Error, This is where
error messages resulting from the use of
commands is output. This is normally the
terminal
o These can be redirected to other files. Stdout
can be redirected by using ">" or ">>".
o > will put the output of a command into a
file. This will eaither create a file or
overwrite a file by that name. Example:
date > pol
stdin, stdout, stderr (cont)
o >> will append (if the file already exists) or
create a new file. Example
who >> wholist
will list all users currently logged on into the
file wholist.
o 2> redirects standard error. Example:
date klfhskjfh 2> err
will put any errors arising from the command
into the file err.
o < will have the problem read from standard
input. Example:
wc < .profile
will invoke the command wc based upon what is in the
file .profile.
W O R K P L A C E A U T O M A T I O N T O O L S
COMMAND - EXPLANATION [May 26 1988]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$change - change terminal (TERM) and printer (PRINTER) definitions
411 - directory assistance program
411change - modify user's 411 information
P - print out files to a printer when using a Tab Products terminal
addresses - lists addresses of key ARDC/AMCCOM/AMC individuals' mailbox ID's
cal - prints a calendar for a month or a year
cal3 - prints a three month calendar (this month and the next 2 months)
calc - on-line calculator
calctutor - tutorial for the 'calc' program
calendar - calendar, appointment service
cat - print the contents of a file
cc - C language compiler
cd - change working directory
cgs - Commander's Guidance Statements review program
checkaddr - checks validity of mail ID's
checkups - check to see if there are UPS packages waiting for delivery
chmod - change permissions on a file
cmdract - generate the Commander's Action Item List
cmdrcal - generate the Commander's Short- and Long-Range Calendars
cp - copy files
cs - clear screen
date - give current date and time
dc - desk calculator; Reverse-Polish Notation (RPN)
ed - basic UNIX line editor
emacs - UNIX full-screen text editor
extract - Executive Extract Program (only accessible by certain users)
f77 - FORTRAN 77 compiler
fing - front-end to 'finger'; knows about other hosts
finger - user information lookup program
ftp - file transfer program
gdate - give Gregorian date (for a Julian date)
gemacs - Gosling EMACS UNIX full-screen text editor
gothic - produce large text in Gothic font
grep - search a file or files for a word, pattern, etc.
grope - give possible correct spellings to misspelled words
group - find the names of the people associated with a particular group
W O R K P L A C E A U T O M A T I O N T O O L S
COMMAND - EXPLANATION [May 26 1988]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
groups - list the groups that one is a member of
initpr - initialize NEC or Diablo printer
ivan - electronically notify Visitor Reception of incoming visitors
jdate - give Julian date (for a Gregorian date)
jove - friendlier EMACS-like UNIX full-screen editor
kermit - file transfer protocol program
learn - a computer-aided instruction (CAI) to learn UNIX
leave - inform the user when it's time to leave
limo-req - electronically request limosine to/from area airports
listusers - list all users on the system giving mailbox and organization name
lock - lock a terminal keyboard
logout - exit/quit/logout from UNIX
ls - list names, etc. of files in a directory
lss - list names, etc. of files in a directory in columnar fashion
m - check "mailbox" for mail
man - print reference manual page for selected UNIX command
mesg - permit or deny messages via the 'write' command
mkdir - make a directory
modgraph - downloads settings to Modgraph GX-100 terminal
more - file perusal filter for viewing on a terminal (similar to 'page')
mprint - print a mail message with "Message-Id" linesstriped out
msg - read, answer, forward, etc. electronic mail messages
mv - move/rename a file
news - print posted news items (current events, announcements, etc.)
nroff - text formatter
page - file perusal filter for viewing on a terminal (similar to 'more')
passwd - change the login password
print - print out files to a printer
pc - PASCAL compiler
pr - print files
pwd - prints the present working directory
qmod - modify, hold, or delete system line printer (MDQS) jobs
man - same as "man" but faster since it does not do highlighting
quota - give disk usage quotas
qpr - system line printer spooler
qstat - give status of system line printer (MDQS) jobs
remind - sets up a formatted file for the 'reminder' program
W O R K P L A C E A U T O M A T I O N T O O L S
COMMAND - EXPLANATION [May 26 1988]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
remind - sets up a formatted file for the 'reminder' program
reminder - reminds users of upcoming events and/or appointments
repair - program to report ADP hardware problems to get them repaired
rfc - manages the listing of network Request-For-Comments (RFC's)
rm - remove a file (see also 'delete')
rmdir - remove a directory
s2020 - integrated electronic spreadsheet program, 20/20
see - like 'cat' but displays non-printable characters (/bin/cat -v)
send - send electronic mail messages
sh - fork a new shell (prompt indicates depth level, exit with "exit")
sickleave - give sick leave usage by organization
sp - spool file(s) to printer on the Sytek LocalNet/20 Cable system
spellproofer - interactive spelling checker/corrector
susp - a mechanism used to keep track of suspense
sysnd - send a text file from a PC equipped with a Sytek Network Card
talk - allows two users to concurrently communicate on split screens
teach-emacs - tutorial to learn the 'emacs' screen editor
teach-jove - tutorial to learn the 'jove' screen editor
tools - lists this list
tree - draw directory file tree structure
typer - menu-driven, interactive touch-typing instruction
ups - send large files to other users via the UNIX Parcel Service
uptime - current computer system status
vi - UNIX full-screen visual editor
wb - view the weekly bulletins
which - locates which command within a path is the primary
who - lists all users on the system
whois - search the Network Information Center (NIC) for info on a user
wmc - WordMARK COMPOSER word processing program
write - write, interactively to another user's terminal (to communicate)
Pipes
pipes - pipes allow you to redirect the stdard output of one
command to the input of another command.
examples:
ls |more
cat *|wc
ls|head
cat a b c |more
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1) What were your goals in taking this course?
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2) Did you learn anything in this course?
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3) What did you think of the course notes?
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4) Did you like the course?
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5) What did you think of the instructor?
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